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Vol. 94 Nos. 34 March/April 1982 ISSN 0013-8916
ae S75. 7OO7 Er -
THE. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. with the assistance of
A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. P. J. CHANDLER, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S.
J. D. BRADLEY, PH.D., F.R.E.S. E. S. BRADFORD
Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. P. A. SOKOLOFF, M.SC., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S. (Registrar)
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 94 £9.50 for overseas subscribers. £8.50 for all U.K. subscribers. Hon. Treasurer:
P. J. RENSHAW, 8 Penshurst Green, Hayesford Park, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9DG
Wi Wz Gee Gs Ya Va ESAS a Vt VASA
PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY
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Entomologist’s Record
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
EDITED BY J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S.
iti
CONTENTS 1982
Adscita. Colour Changes in the Genus M. Hadley, 201
Adonis? What Ails A. C. Morton, 67
Agonopteryx astrantiae Heinemann in Hampshire J. R. Langmaid, 182
Agonopteryx astrantiae (Heinemann) in North Wales. H. NV. Michaelis, 37
Agrion virgo (Linn.) (Odonata; Agrioni- dae) in Central London. A Sighting of A. P. Foster, 246
Alophora S. S. hemiptera (Fab.) (Dipt.: Tachinidae) in V. C. 69. N. L. Birkett , 133
Anarta myrtilli L. Beautiful Yellow Underwing (Lep.: Noctuidae) and an Adult Boreus hyemalis (Neuropt.: Boreiidae) on Winter Snow in the Scottish Highlands A. D. Liston, USVI
Anthocharis cardamines L. (Orange-Tip) in Dumfriesshire. Apparent Excess in Numbers of Female R. H. Miller, 162
Anthocharis. The Pupation of D. G. Sevastopulo,17
Aphantopus hyperantus L. in Scotland. Flight Time of P. K. Kinnear, 236
Apion cerdo Gerst, (Col.) in S.E. England. The Recent Spread of A. A. Allen, 158
Aporia crataegi L. in Scotland. Further Notes on an introduced ‘“‘Colony” of the Black Veined White R. Elliott, 245
Argynnis adippe D. & S. in S. Cumbria. The High Brown Fritillary M. J. Y. Foley , 238
Argyresthia trifasciata Staudinger 1871 (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in Britain A. M. Emmet, 180
Arhopalus rusticus L. (Col.: Ceramby- cidae). A Second Monmouthshire Record of G. A. N. Horton, 24
Autographa bractea D.& S.: Gold Spangle in Kent J. Platts, 200
Barcaldine, Argyll in 1980 and 1981. Some of the Less Common Species of Lepidoptera Taken at J. C. A. Craik, 243
Barypeithes sulcifrons (Bohman) (Col.: Curculionidae) from West Cumbria R. W. J. Read, 184
Bisigna procerella D. & S. (Lep.: Oeco- phoridae) in Britain. The Re- occurrence of J. M. Chalmers- Hunt, 204
Bomolocha fontis Thunb. The Beautiful Snout R. G. Warren, 44
Book Talk Five J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, Ai
Brachyopa scutellaris (Desvoidy) (Dipt.: Syrphidae) A Feeding Habit of N. L. Birkett, 206
British Butterflies in 1981. A Review of C. J. Luckens, 125
British Macrolepidoptera for 1981. A Review of the Indigenous P. Sokoloff, 185
British Moth? What is a Truly C. J. Rutherford, 195
Bucculatrix cidarella Zeller (Lep.: Lyonetidae) on Myrica gale. H. N. Michaelis , 102
Bucculatrix cidarella Zeller on Myrica gale in England A. M. Emmet, 238
Bucculatrix thoracella Thunb. Con- firmed for Vice County 11 &. H. Wild, 206
Butterfly Poster. An Italian P. Hawker, 237
Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hbn. (Lep.: Tortricidae): Larval Foodplants including Damage to Skimmia Japonica Thunb.* B. K. West, 38
Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hbn. (Lep.: Tortricidae) Successfully Reared on Artificial Diet, with a Note on its Diapause Requirements B. O. C. Gardiner , 122
Callophrys rubi L. and Pyrgus malvae L. in Worcestershire J. E. Green, 163
Camptogramma bilineata L. Another Foodplant of the Yellow Shell R. P. Knill-Jones, 77
Camptogramma bilineata . Yellow Shell, feeding on Cruciferae. Larvae of D. F. Owen, 52
Canary Islands 1981. Two Weeks in the H. G. Allcard, A, Valletta, 111
Canna in 1982. Lepidoptera at J. A. Campbell, 174
Carpophilus marginellus Motsch. (Col.: Nitidulinae) out-of-doors in Suffolk D. R. Nash, 228
Carpophilus sexpustulatus (Fabr.) (Col.: Nitidulidae) in Surrey, with a Note on its Habits in Britain D. Prance, 59
Carterocephalus palaemon Pallas in England 1976. The Chequered Skipper R. Archer-Lock, 123
Catocala fraxini L. and Other Lepi- dopera at Highcliffe in 1982. The Clifden Nonpareil ££. H. Wild, 204
Catocala fraxini L. in 1981. The Blue Underwing A. Harmer, 40
Celerio livornica Esper. The Striped Hawkmoth R. G. Chatelain 204
Charaxes gallagheri van Son 1961 (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae), Its Habitats and Early Stages. A Consolidated History of the Dis- covery of J. C. O. Chitty, 147
Chrysolina polita (Linnaeus) (Col.: Chry- somelidae). On the Hostplant of
. W. J. Read, 199
Clonopsis gallica (Charpentier) on the Quiberon Peninsular, Brittany. Ob- servations on the Phasmid E. C. M. Haes, 39
Coccinellidae. Fluctuations in Abun- dance of D. F. Owen, 225
Coleophora binderella Kollar A New Foodplant NV. F. Heal, 129
Coleophora hemerobiella (Scopoli). Two Year Life Cycle of A. M. Emmet,
39
Coleophora machinella Bradley: its Rediscovery in England, and Description J. R. Langmaid, 109
Coleophora paripenneila Zeller — A New Foodplant JN. F. Heal, 59
Coleophora potentillae Elisha (Lep.: Coleophoridae) — Some Obser- vations J. R. Langmaid, 66
Coleophora salicorniae Wocke identi- fied as Salicornia fragilis P. W. Ball and Tutin. Foodplant of N. F. Heal, 103
Coleophora trigeminella Fuchs and C. coracipennella Hbn. in South York- shire. H. E. Beaumont, 108
Colias croceus (Geoffroy) in June 1982. The Clouded Yellow T. Newnham, 162
Conistra rubiginea Db? & S. (Lep.: Noc- tuidae). The Dotted Chestnut E. C. L. Simson, 45
Convolvulus Hawkmoth and Clouded Yellow in South Devon 4H. L. O’Heffernan, 237
Cornwall, with Observations on Other Notable Macrolepidoptera in the County. A New.County Record for M. Hadley, 65
Corrections. D. G. Sevastopulo, 69
Curculio Spp. (Col.). Notes on Some British A. A. Allen, 78
Cynthia virginiensis (Drury). Artificial Transportation of a Nymphalid, R. S. Wilkinson, 38
D’Abrera’s Butterflies of the Afro- Tropical Region. FE. W. Classey, 15
Danaus chrysippus L. in Tunisia. J. F. Burton, 208
Danaus plexippus L. in the Algarve, Portugal 1981 C. J. Rutherford, 76
Danaus plexippus L.: The Monarch in Wales and Cumberland in 1981 D. W. Kydd, 37
Death’s Head Hawkmoth and Con- volvulus Hawkmoth in Kent in 1981. The R. F. Buddle, 110
Defoliation in Northern Great Wood, Hertfordshire. R. Lovell-Pank, 162
Dermaptera from the Gunong Mulu National Park, Borneo. A Correc- tion and an Addition A. Brindle, 101
Descoloria blomeri Curtis at Weston- super-Mare, Blomer’s Rivulet C. S. H. Blathwayt, 154
Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs, 1899: A Pyralid Moth New to Britain J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, M. W. F. Tweedie, |
Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs. in June 1982. M. W. F. Tweedie, 220
Diptera (Calyptratae) of the Sandwell Valley, West Bromwich. The M. G. Bloxham, 60
Diptera from Windsor Forest. Further Notable A. A. Allen, 229
Dodona sp. (Lepidoptera: Nemeobiidae) in Hong Kong. Some assistance with Regard to W. J. Tennent, 9
Dorytomus salicinus (Gyllenhal) (Col.: Curculionidae) from Cumbria. A Further Record of R. W. J. Read, 36
Dytiscus (Col.: Dytiscidae). A February E. C. Pelham-Clinton, 123
Eastern Switzerland 1980, with a note on Erebia pluto de Prunn. Butter- flies in C. J. Luckens, 173
Editorial. 155
Eggs Laid by a Decapitated Moth B. A. Kneller, 221
Endromis versicolora (L.) at Rannoch. The Kentish Glory, EF. C. Pelham- Clinton, 215
Entomological Pictures. A. H. Haworth’s R. S. Wilkinson, 224
Epermenia aequidentellus Hofmann; daucellus Peyerimhoff (Lep.: Eper- meniidae) in Kent J. M. Chalmers- Hunt, 202
Epierus comptus (Erichson) (Col.: His- teridae) New to Britain D. R. Nash, 165
Erannis defoliaria Clerck:Mottled Um- ber. An Early Appearance of J. N. Greatorex-Davies, 218
Erynnis tages L. ab. radiata Brown, A Correction R. D. G. Barrington, 103
Erynnis tages L. ab. radiata Brown in Dorset. The Dingy Skipper: R. G. D. Barrington, 69
The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation
iz ~S SPECTAL “INDEX
COMPILED BY M. R. BROWN (LEPIDOPTERA) AND A. A. ALLEN (OTHER ORDERS)
For British Lepidoptera this Index follows the nomenclature of A Check List of British Insects, Part 2 by Kloet & Hincks (1972), brought up-to-date to correspond with the Label List of British Butterflies & Moths by Bradley & Fletcher (1979). Where a contributor has used a synonym, a cross reference is given. Any newly described taxa (species, genera, etc.) are distinguished by bold (Times) type, and taxa new to British or newly recognised as British by an asterisk. Moreover, with Orders other than Lepi- doptera, (1) A bracketed asterisk denotes the reinstatement of a species long omitted from the British list, or the confirmation of one previously doubtful; (2) A formerly subspecific taxon raised to specific rank is treated as an addition to the fauna, but a correction of identity is not; and, finally (3) The “equals” sign indicates anew synonym, i.e. published for the first time; italics without this sign, recent synonymy that may be unfamiliar to many.
Vol. 94, 1982
PAGE PAGE LEPIDOPTERA gnome Silo oo 5506 A 65, 243 anthyllidella, Aproaerema...... 3} A antiopa, Nymphalis . 81, 86,136, 138, 241 abietella, Dionycthia esse eres 2 Antuta|bel, OMAR 5 so gen d oe 25-27, 108 absinthiata, Eupithecia ....... 185 apollo! Parnassius, 2)... 82) Say 18 acetosae, Johanssonia ..... OS2ig9 aprilellaaMetznernaws sss eae oat 97 acteon, Thymelicus ... 112,125, apiilinasDichoniay eee.) ieee 124 128, 240 ancuellan@lethneutest) eyo) sae ae 98 adippe, Argynnis . . 89,126,238, 240 argentula,Coleophora ..... 98, 219 aduStasblephalltas asi enenemenee 108 arcioluss@elastnitval 2.14 ee Sy advenellasBurhodopel. sees 130 anions Maculinedl =) sinners one 57 aegeria, Pararge 40, 125,138, 174, armigera, Helicoverpa. . 48,82, 87, 239 209, 210, 214, 238 AKMmOnCanUS» Py TeUSmeaeiel es ene pene 20 aequidentellus, Epermenia .... . 202 antaXenxessyAni Cia) a auaaeeenny en: 127, 182 aenueulae NOlas a = aes 47,99, 203 ascllahletenogencameense ia nant 95 aethiops, Erebia ... 20,75,107, 214 aSinalis-sMecynaly | 9.4). nen cae 130 agathin as xestial. see nese. Loe) eee 243 astrantiae, Agonopterix .. 37,98, 182 ALEStSH ATIC > Sim) sts sce Lee et 127 atalanta, Vanessa . 48,79, 82,124, aglaja, Argynnis . . . 126,173,174, IDS S874 D0Se2 ieee 40 238, 240 athalia, Mellicta. ..... Sls WSS 378) albimacwlata.yAtiaurisis ) ese a. 163 atoOmaniasmacunedee see eine 108 albiodactylus, Pselnphorus ..... 114 Alia, HIRSUOCRVCIR) 6 5 5 o 5b oo.6 bo 98 albipuncta, Mythimna ...... 82, 87 almatae © diezialvas ee eee 130, 243 albipunctata,Cyclophora ...... 185 Emel, le wlk Ne OONES 6565500006 130 AlXO WENO STW AAS 5 Bab A Go ooo 99 atroposAcherontias |... 4 Sila) albula, Meganola ........ 32), 2S AOA (CME 2 4p bo Go 0 60.8 147 ADMIRAL EBVO 56 565060 one 243 augur Graphiphoral ss). 130, 243 alpunnellas Leletodes: ... .2 5. oe 98 AUrAntianas APIO pISae sis aes et 108 ACES, (CHEMO 6 55 5 c I365u37 aApiella. sumeimelley - 554066 n oo c 3 AIGELASMESVELGS:, Ra. a ae loeet se 137 aurinia, Eurodryas . 75,126,135, alchemillata, Perizoma..... 107, 130 203, 240 alchimuiellai@aloptilias 22. 2. 3 Hei AUGUMMATIA ENnOMOSH) «aya ees ere 18 almivAGronictal ys 4s 4 ae ee 6s ISS Albion, Iyoranhizy 5 6 5 o go 8 o 107 alpiume Moma 27.) nea oe OO, 25 alsines, Hoplodrina....... 130, 243 alstroemeriana, Agonopterix ..... 3 B emMlataaPyitaUsta, \ . sesame ence o 114 anachonetas @losterau ss. ayoeie ee 186 aj areXeSitagenn star. eee eee. 108, 234 anatipennella, Coleophora. ..... 242 balcamicasColasin os: ot. so. 18 anplicella, Parormix, . 3 25 S692. 3s) bankiana, Deltote .. 81,87,186,200 aneustana. Ee upOecelial seen se. ee ibe batonwehilOesmeses ie. se 135, 138
annulatella, Rhigognostis ...... 130 behasAnthocharis) 2 5. . 134.135. 137
ii
PAGE bellargus, Lysandra 6769, 127,
205, 224 benanderi, Coleophora. .... (13k0), WS bennetimAcdistise. . se). = a cle: 204 berbera,Amphipytal si. «26 ous 185 berberata, Pareulype ....... 58, 185 betulaesdheclaye asus es sures pee 135 WZ DetulanasBistonie sens) ae V3.5 Ws) Hicuspis, burCula . S40. cuss gies 96 bidentata, Odontopera........ 107 bilineata, Camptogramma . 52,77, 186 binderellanGoleaphorals ss. -) enn 129 bIpunctalismbSarale se eee ar oes 114 bipunctosa, Agonopterix 98,102, 103 birenwhapestiameem meen eee 108 DiniviataexanthonhOew sian ane ae 73 blandasHoplodrinay sete = 243 blandella, Caryocolum........ sii blomensDiscoloxiaiesn4 ie eneee 154 boeticus, Lampides . WIAA, II} bombycinaslPOliap amen: 243 bractea, Autographa . . . 108,200,
203, 243
brassiede Pieris 72, 115, 123, 128, igs137et99, 210
brumata, Operophtera ..... 107, 162 lI WEE Gb Glo 65 5.0 o ofme 218 bucephalasPhaleral- peeves) - 108, 198 C
CAcSlataw Ente phtiay seem meee 107, 243 caesiella, Swammerdamia ...... 130 cailina, Aleucanitis ....... WSs, Bhs} calbum, Polygonia....... 125, 240 caliginosa, Acosmetia ..... Siteh, Iss) callidicesPontiae)- pasa sae) te 174 camdeboo, Pseudonympha ..... 41 CambiicassVienUSiaa sei eneia cei: 243 camilla, Ladoga . . . 125, 200, 203,
216, 240 canaria, Papilio = Gonepteryx rhammi. 75 captunculaPhotedes = aes ae 182 caradjalOeczoconiayge ns) se neeaeie 97
cardamines, Anthocharis .17, 128, 134, 135.1375 16242025, 209 cardui, Cynthia 38, 48, 49-52, 82, 83, 1255 162, 174, 203, NG] carmelita,Odontosia .45,155,194, 243
CHINIRITES. MOSHE 66 o Gun a a ob 65, 108 ans. WON 255 50 5 00 1355138 CentracomAtethimian sys.) ceo 243 cerasivorella, Coleophora ...... 108 CespitisesnOletalarsueie een uauomenr 65 cevianicaavialeriaues | suey sires cues 17) cheiranthi, Pieris . .112,114,115, 199 Gm, AMIS Goo boo bo 6 6 108, 243 ChittiviaC@haraxes! . nce ee 148 chioerata,Chioraclystis =. . 5.4). 99 SGhiondicesbonvidier-m aims epee 18 ehlorosata,, Petrophota .. i... ... 107 choragella, Morophaga........ 98
chrysippus, Danaus. ..... 135 5208
PAGE ChinySitis- | Dia chiny Sides) ie enema 108 chrysorrhoea, Euproctis ....... 242 cidarella, Bucculatrix. . . 98, 102- 103, 238 cinctanan Cleotamaans aaa een nee 243 cinctella, Syncopacma . . 98,132, 133 cinerdesles pend saasaa nears aan nen 20 cinerellangA Com pSiduaei- iene enenene 131 cingovskii, Psuedochazara . .. .18, 19 Ginbsdaey MIC] ita Calera arenas is Citrag os xanithiay ay we eee ee 243 Gimmie (ChilonOGhGA ~5 5550640 6 107 classensi, ssp. Lepidochrysops JANES Ibs es, coro meass cate cae , 41 clavipalpis;(Caradtinaly Seyi sneer. 119 cleobule, Gonepteryx . 111,112, 1S a4 cleopatra, Gonepteryx . 82, 86, 134 ie, IS7201 Clerkellamleyonetiauess cei -nen aenee 180 Comes INOCtUawEs ai neeeneme 108 comma, Hesperia ..... AA, WAS. 235) GOminer BaClemy 25 5606 77, 243 Contusaliss Nolan eee 31,186, 243 congressariella, Northris....... 40 ConsimuilanaN@lepsiSieesenaeee 131 Conspersanas @nephasiaus iene 130
convolvuli, Agrius . 47,48, 75,81,
87, 110, 142, 204, 237, 239 coracipennella, Coleophora ..... 108 COMI, IHONES’ 5556055000006 66-71 coridon, Lysandra » LONG T OS le
costaestrigalis, Schrankia . . .186, 243 Gime, AMG 54 656 12a eS crassalis, Hypena ..... 44,186, 205 GAGA, AOOME 5 5 5 oo oe 8 245-246 Crataecie vin Chilita seas aeeeaen nae 243 CREME AYOREINEE, 5 50600000 04c 94 crinanensis, Amphipoea . . . .108, 243 CHOCO, UOC, sno boo cao pos 95 croceus, Colias . . .48,74,82, 83, LMU hs WA, Tesh WSS, 377, WG 204, 237 GioesellaaA diel agen aes BI}, PAS) cucullinasPtilodontella ese ISS cydippe =adippe Argynnis ..... 89 D dahlii Diarsiay 205. eee eee Oy damon A'srodiaietus: a -senee neers iL) daplidice, Pontia . .112,113,168, 1S), We daucellus = Epermenia aequiden- tellus: < -ceknw aca ea eee 202 dealbana, Gypsonoma ........ 130 decentellas Ee tainiay seer eee aeeeie 245 decrepitalis \Wdcal ease eee ane 121 defolariaEranniSie) sae neeeene N62, 218 deiones Mellictar sae 3isj5 SG), Sts delattini, Hy cai eee. Pees 19 dentania, Selenia |... use eesee een 107 deodata, Dodona_. © Laue S) derivalissParacolaxe sins ear 206
PAGE denivatayAmticleal. scmRn cme mene 243 designata, Xanthorhoe........ 107 dia@lossianay ete eae) earners MS Seuss didiyimata Periz Ona es seers 107, 243 discordella, Coleophora ....... 131 dispar, ymantriay a) sis Fs. 87 diyisella-/Momphiay os) -sen-teueuen= cae Pil dubitella, Phyllonorycter ...... 190 duplaris, Ochropacha 222.2... - 243 E escons Dodoma a sce ab 5 cleans 9 evenania HUpIUNeCia eeenenens een Si elineuania, Grocallis’ = 2 35.65 2: 107 elongella, Monochroa ........ Wi elpenon, Deilephila ee eee 174 Epiphron ss Enebia sesmeaeen) eal 6 epomidion, Apamea ......... 108 eriphiayAntichlonisis es ase qeeeen 186 eros Lolyommatus =]. as). <1: 173, 174 erosaria, Deuteronomos ._....... 243 erxlebella, Roeslerstammia ..... 31 enchants. CoOlotiSne-ss ces ous = Sleeee 17 GUESS, IDOCIOME, 5 2¢o nec ob oe g euphorbiae, Acronicta ......... 243 euphrosyne, Boloria . . . 126,209, 240 eunyalenrebiatee. .ateseeuee ies 19, 20 evonymella, Yponomeuta . . .241, 242 exanthematas Gaberae sone eee 108 exigua, Spodoptera. .... 82.87 239 exsiccata, Tathorhynchus ... 81, 82,87, 139 SiMe, EWEREESIS 55 ooo os 77 exulis. A pameas ni sins ae cltutes 243 F fapatiae Dy SCia, 2 paps A cose 243 fascelinay Dasy.chita’ Teel aeicneee 155 faSciainiak iva ca ae eee ane 108 fasciumCUlasy Ollila mene a nenre ne 108 fatua, Neohipparchia > aepsieie lene 19 eamUealrs Glens 55 6 5 oo a ei 49, 84 festaliella, Schreckensteinia ..... 131 feStiicaePIUSIae = 4 425) woe eer 108 Mlicivoras PSy.choid'esieis = sales 130 filipendulae, Zygaena ..... 131, 182 finitimella, Parornix ........ $3-56 hlamimieds Panoliss ee) -ye eae 150, 243 Hammer Senitde. use aieee enna 161 flavicinctata, Entephria ....... 243 flavimetrella, Lampronia ...... 98 flavofasciata, Perizoma ....... 243 tlorelianCatopsiliaey. euens cen aihie, Wi fontis = Hypena crassalis ...... 44 fOSteranay lLOzZOtaemials s)s eso) 4 38 Nebr eniAL, ISOM NSGEY 5 5 Go a obo 185 fraxini, Catocala . .40, 74,81, 87, 186, 204 fucifommis, Hemaris ..... - 95, 186 fuliginosa, Phragmatobia ...... 108
hulvatasGidariaes . 5 7m compelien cae 243
ill
PAGE furcatasHiyGnionlenayers - ite ener 107 Mele, IOI Bop G oo anc oO 243 furuncula. Mesolioia “5 sis. ee 130 fusconebulosa, Hepialus ....... 107 G galathea, Melanargia . . . 125,209, 214 gallagheri,Charaxes ...... 147-150 pallicanan@ydialeeares os aes 130 Salliimilivless . > i secu eeee cate 81, 87 gamma, Autographa . 83,108,174, 204 gardetta, Coenonympha....... 173 eenistaes Coleophoral saree menere NY) POAVOMINISOW - 6 hb oo ado nos 201 clandonwAcniades: hn cree .s een 174 elareosamibaraGdiarsiay gases enen 108 clobulariaiexAGScitam se cee: 201 enaphaliy@uculliagmese eer 95 MOA, JANES. oo 4 5g cb oa be 108 enoiians, Paramesia 5.5, 4s = + = 98 goossensiata, Eupithecia....... 185 GORUS,JEIOM 5s 5accn cog oos 174 POLIcaOruhosiay arenes ene 108 practise OrulOsia a0 eat eee ete 108 GMC. BOOM S555 ob oes 66 19 graminis, Cerapteryx...... 108, 174 granella, Nemapogon......... 98 PANO IEA. G ho 6 oo oe 6s 130 grossulariata, Abraxas ..... 174, 243 PTOtiAnAW Ee PasZOle emer ene eae 130 qe) CME sg so 6 oo 148 H halterataswobophoramse sere 218 hastata, Rheumaptera ..... 79, 107 haworthtie Gelacnas ss seen = 108, 243 heegeriella, Phyllonorycter ..... 120 hnelvolatAProcholay a eee 243 hemerobiella, Coleophora ...... 239 heracliana, Agonopterix ....... 37 hippothoe, Palaeochrysophanus . . 173 hornigi, = Coleophora violacea ... 219 hornici) Monochtoa 55-2 se oe 77 hortella = Phyllonorycter saportella humuli, Hepialus ..... 107,156, 204 hyperantus, Aphantopus ... 125,236 I icarus, Polymmatus OWS UAT:
diay Apatuid oo. ast. -tecven vii tee 1 9 WTEIE SIMMONS 6 556506558 D8 impluviata, Hydriomena....... 243 Mpa. Mycthimmnal uss weal. eiciies 108 incentan Ont hOsia wa) eens: 45, 108 Tn@lieny: N/T OSE) 6 kaa Nake Ae TALS ZA innotataseupitheciay ss.) 4.14 +... 185 insigniatayeuplunecia <..0). 6). <.- SN. inSpersellaySGyihtiS ses... > 97 intermedia, Euphydryas ....... 173
PAGE
interrogationis,Syngrapha ..... 243 lominachisen Oe 124513 8.209 210 ipsilon, Agrotis .. . . 83,84, 203, 204 iis. Apatura .. 58,125) 1267055)
203, 209 ROWE SEU 5 5 bo ap aoe oo c 243 INGE, AMCAMERINAY 3 5 Boo pe 6 181
J
(PCCM INGE 5 5250-4 6 eos 186 jamesi, Lepidochrysops ..... Saal ubatanAlcis' cee Gene etod Sat os 243 JU peratas Mberay- eee enen ew ct eae 243
jurtina, Maniola. . 40,89-91, 112, MBS Se ede 2s 2238
K iT, JAVASEY” 363 5s bho oc Wilit, Wil L
lacertinana tal caramel ence 243 lacteellasMomphag es -aeeeneenenen 116 laetus@rombrueeiia see ee one 114 lanceolanas Bacira | Seaansneno mee iil IES, MOOI 5 5 oo 95 lariciata, Eupithecia ...... 106, 107 larseniella, Syncopacma .. 98, 132-133 lasseilas Coleophora ~ <9.055 6.1.6 DL ibvigrmintl, AN “G5 a co o6 6 6 6 e 52 lathonia, Argynnis . USS LS Se
168, 169,170, 224 leduitienelithophane = cise 186 einslonarel, IEME EN 5 bao co 0 Oc 174 levanayAraschinial Sycmeiuescscesns =) enn libanopicanColiaswa sn-eeesien een: 18 lichenarias Gleorodes Se). 2.2 243 hcheneas SumiChtisses suena enone 40 Me ea IE TED idl. arety ieee trie tc yet tans anes 89 heneaeBlastabasiSaieaea seen 130 hsulas Conistraseaewen yee 188, 189 ligulella = Syncopacma larseniella . 132 Nein SOMME YG ps ooo boo 242 himibalissUresiphitaeasensie crs 112 limosipennella, Coleophora ..... 190 lhineatas E)VlGS seen eel Gre? 04: linteatasSionas swsss 4. Site}, SBE WI, ess linfeolashymelicus) =. a). sass: 128 linosyridella, Coleophora ...... oi] Iriti@nel NS LOOSE 6G BN oho 6 oo oe 130 liturata, Semiothisa ...106,107, 243 livornica = Hyles lineata ....... 204 lone vaciMiythiminases: snes seeiene ae 203 loti = Leptidea sinapis ........ 121 lotipZyeaena® 2". hos ee ii lubricipeda, Spilosoma........ 108 hicellasaypsolophias ses. eee 98 lucens, Amphipoea....... 108, 243
lucernea, Standfussiana . 233-235, 243 lucina, Hamearis Se) MAA. I 7),
155, 200, 209, 240 hwvetparauplexial sie ae 108
PAGE luctuatas Sparganiaysr enero 96 lunosasOmiphaloscelisyeyerenen scene 243 lunaria = Selenia lunularia...... 238 lunulariaySeleniay= = pene 238, 243 lumaniS- MintiCial-seseaen ene eee 136 luteolata, Opistograptis ....... 107 titeumb:Spilosomas-y- serene ene 243 lutulenta, Aporophyla........ 243 M machaon, Papilio .. . . 56,57, 58, NWA, USGS 37, WEL machinella, Coleophora . . 98, 109-110 malinellus, Yponomeuta....... 242 malvae, Pyrgus ....:.. 128,137, 163 Manto se rebiay. .e-e eee eee 178 MareinatiasACTIOPIS |) ene eens 108 marginella, Dichomeris ....... 130 marginepunctata, Scopula...... 99 margueritae, ssp. Poecilmitis palmus 41, 43 Manannes LUXiaSe- wen nee IL7/ Manitumnas Bucculatnix = 2 seers 102 maritimella = Coleophora’ ma- chinellay..23 > hy hse eee 110 MaritimuUs. Chilodesmercns 4 eeeseneee 205 oneubel, WONG 5 66600500 50% 186 megera, Lasiommata ... 138, 209-214 megregori, Lepidochrysops ..... 34 MelampusaEie bia eee cena aeeeeee 173 mendicaDiaphonrasesees ne sea 221 Mencdicad | Diansiaees ee ee 108 menyanthidis, Acronicta ...... 243 mercunianay Epinotia es ee cee 131 messaniella, Phyllonorycter ..... 131 methymna, Lepidochrysops. .... 33 meticulosa, Phlogophora ... 84, 108, 186, 203 MetznenandsHUCOSINal se eeneen mee 202 miata. Chioroclhystay seuss tee 107 mucaccas hy dracciales- 1 el ane 108 miniatas Miltochnistalys eens 186 Minima Photedess senna 108 minimana, Phalonidia ..... 98, 220 minimella, Nemophora ....... 130 Minis Cupidolea nen LQTS TT monoglypha, Apamea ..... 108, 185 montanay ETebia) #5 2 ces 173 montanata, Xanthorhoe ....... 107 multistrigaria, Colostygia ...... 107 mundanas Nudantayea: (ane ene 108 munitata, Xanthorhoe ..... NOV 243 mutatellasDionyjctnia ieee enters i owaRNb, Aweine ob 5 5 oe 65, 157-158 N Nanata Ee Upiche Classen ieee nee 107 napaca-sbOloma anna ere 173, 174 nyo Its 55 464 c OP. Wil 7, 174,194, 211 nervosa, Agonopterix. =) ene eee 131
ni, Trichoplusia . . . . 82,87, 204, 239
PAGE nicias, IAniCias Pen Cree eee ae 173 nigra, Aporophyla ....... 108, 186 nigrescentella, peas or 5 oe SO) nigricans, Poecilmitis. . . . 41, 42, 43 nigricella, Coleophora ........ 108 MOS, ROMO 6 5 4 6 ov a oo oc 173 Nobslisehapili Cement ce en nen 164 noctuella, Nomophila 84,174, 244 nodicolella, Mompha........ 21-24 NotataySemuothisasen) seers 100, 243 O
Obeliscata-punetal ener sence 106, 107 ObhuscatussGnophose - ee cae ae 243 obsoleta, Mythimna ......... 161 obstipata, Orthonama ... 47,48
82, 87 239, 244
occulta, Burois 2 2 2 )82, 87, 202%
239, 243 CwAlkiia, (COSMONNOS 556601 5 466 107 ocellea, Euchromius . . 81, 86,98, 139 oculea, Amphipoea....... 108, fan OemevErebidyw sce he cree oleraceanleaconobia) = 12 sen: 143 olivatay Colostygianes ees. 2 acne 243 OlivicllaREsSperiae-m-a- nets cea 98 OinOyOMahe AVIS 4 6 Geo uo 6 oc 37) ophiogramma, Apamea ....... 243 Cyowilsws, Waren 5 oo oeb ooo 174
oreas, Lepidochrysops . .
orichalcea, Diachrysia ... 81,82, 87 otregiata, Lampropteryx ...... 121 ottomanussHeodes: 5 <5 2). mre - 201 @itvomanasiere Didier eerie 195 20 P
padellasYiponomeuta 2). -.-)ensier- 242 palaemon, Carterocephalus .. 57,
90, 123,128, 198 palacno- Colias) 265 4c NESS 98 pales; Bolonial tus... <5, peeeaenes ole 173 pallens; Mythimma: 52 =) yen eee 130 pallescentellanuinealesesenene Ieee 98 pallidanax@ochylissay- = eran.) see 133 palmaenGoneptenyxe ener: Hila eS AS) palmus, Poecilmitis..... 41,43, 44 pamphilus, Coenonympha 40,107, 138 pandora, Pandoriana...... IES INES paphia, Argynnis .. 75,126, 203, 240 paripennella,Coleophora ...... 59 Pavonias Saturnial-0. -) 2) seen LOE MSG pectinatania. Colostysia 22 22-9: 107 peltigera, Heliothis ..... 47, 48,
82, 87, 203, 204 pendularia,Cyclophora ....... 95 jolontcrornvore, (COIS . 555 a6 0556 7/83 phlaeas, Lycaena . .112,116,137, 211 phoebus, Parnassius ...... 17/3), XS phoeniceata, Eupithecia . . . 8,65,
: 77, 186 phragmitidis, Arenostola. ... 77, 161
PAGE
pilosaria, Apocheima. . . 107, 162, 244 pimpinellata, Eupithecia....... 216
PinastniMyVloOicus\ =e ene 119 Sts0 piniama, Bupalusy9- sei). - 108, 150 pirithous; Syntarucus ... .. >. 235 Pisin @eranniCagwre sms ame are 108 plantaginis, Parasemia ........ 108 plectamOchraplenralymossmsmce sme 108 plexippus, Danaus .. . 37,48, 76, 81, 86,111, 112, 141-146 PlUCOME Te Dia ween as 174 podalirius, Iphiclides . . . 135, 136, 137, 168-172 podanaryArchips) seo) sier act 131
polychloros, Nymphalis . . 48, 81, 86, 136, 138, 203
polycommata, Trichopteryx » 45; 55. 243
polyxena, Zerynthia . . . 134,135, 137
Populinlao thoes ween 108 populi, Poecilocampa ........ 107 porphyrea, Lycophotia ....... 108 pomectellas Plutelay ae -ewsemewsn es 130 potatonaskhilidoniaeess ese 185 potentillae, Coleophora ....... 66 Prlasinanay | enayaenensesar once 99, 243 pringlei, Lepidochrysops ... 222-224 proboscidalis, Hypenay = 5-214). = 108 pLocercellaaBisionas ess cn) encn: 204 promissa Catocala ..... 94,95, 204 PLONOCIE Te Didwwmt eee 173,174 pronubasNoctua 2.) see 108,185 pronubana, Cacoecimorpha 38,122, 123 propinquella, Mompha........ 116 pruni, Strymonidia....... P75 AUS pseudospretella, Hofmannophila . 5,
5 UB PSUS SACTOMICTA yc coca sities seule cout 108 pudibunda, Dasychira ........ 155 pulchellay Witetheisa eens ee 40, 47 pulchrina, Autographa........ 108 pulicariae, Digitivalva ........ 1S pulveraniasplacodisees- ieee 243 punctosaChoreutiss ee eee 219 puppillaria,Cyclophora ....... 204 pulpuralis;Zyeaena greens reyes 131 Puta pA CTOs. = cl eteie reno catye ins cos 40 MUTI SA Ky llameethe Bos ee es al 130 pygated, Lithacodia, 220.0". os: 99 pyfmacolae le ileniaeset- seer 74, 203 ON EIAVIN, INOWEGIES G a blame ooo ae 108 DyraliataeEWlithisies ene.) se 107 pyramidea, Amphipyra ....... 185 Dye Oatuiniae es eee ee foes se 136
Q
quadralelithosial (sce-seeee ts ee 65 quadrifasiata, Xanthorhoe...... 99 quadripuncta, Oegoconia ...... DY quercus, Lasiocampa...... Yeo, MOM quercus)Ouercusiale. ere Seale
quinquellagE ctoedemia seus). 119
vi
PAGE R rajellas Phyllonorycter 225 4.4 -- 131 ramburialis, Diasemiopsis ..... . 47 neler ey MENS 5 oa o 6 PPM, NSS 37) ratzeburgiana, Zeiraphera Ben nes th 131 FAVIGAsTS PACIOUISHN.| Seewreycn tee ew ena 85 HCO, WAVE 6 5 0 6 660 6 25-27, 74 TeculincawEly/ppal-w-ne)newesene 108, 243 reducta, Limenitis Pooks Bye 216 ROMNA, AVON 5560 oc oc fot 108 epandatawAlGisis | se-we seme 100, 108 HetUsaal pimonpyhay een eee eee 65 thamni,Gonepteryx . 75,128,137, 172 thomboidaria, Peribatodes ..... 187 mhoniboideaeexestiay = 4.4m ene 243 mbeata Mell epleniageer ienen onsen 100 mOreanalyorniy WEES 5 456605060556 98 MGS, ROMFTOC sac bacon ou oe SYS) ROOT. ION, 5555 5a 556 131 roboris, Phyllonorycter ....... 244 robustella, Caloptilia....,. OF es () rogenhoferi, Endotricha....... 114 TubeTata, Mydromena =. = \. 2) 4 +o. 107 tubi, Callophrys ..... NBS) W354 ISS MUD IY Dial Siaeececus ss i eeneate yon 108 nub Macrothylacian 4 sas eee 107 rubiginata, Scopula. .... 81,86, 243 rubiginea, Conistra . . 45,46, 188, 189 NUbMCOSASG@erasuis’ | - seeens ee cle 108 MUUfataN@MesiaSs a6 =) ak ceeds ge 206 MINORS, LMAO MME! 556650006 31 MPM COnMISS hy ONiaes ose en nee 73 MURAI, QMO 2 655 so eo bo Us UGSRVS., INIIRINRIESIA 5 5 56°56 cc os 19 Ny
sabinella,Gelechia .......... 181
sacraria, Rhodometra ... 47,48, 81, 86, 142, 204 salicata, Coenotephria ..... move, 243 salicorniae, Coleophora ....... 103 Samiatellaystiomellay > 5 ee 98 SannioOn Diacnsial sie eea cue 108, 243
saportella, Phyllonorycter . . . 119, 120, 244 SryVOINO, INOS ooo 66065406 19 Sarcitnrellay Endrosis) «use ee 119 SaturaaiBplephanitaly. saeisueeen eee 76 SalbytaltayE Wp ithe cial s.asaeueieuen elses 107 saucia, Peridroma. . 83,203,204, 244
schoenicolella, Glyphipterix .102, 103 schuetzeella, Dioryctria . . . 1,97, 220 schulziana, Olethreutes ....... 130 schumacherana, Olindia ....... 37) ScutulanayEpiblemale.. a2. 47 131 Secalis) Mesapamea 42... 4... 108 secundaria, Peribatodes .187,190, 218 selene, Bolotial a). ao lane 107, 126,
174, 238, 240 semele, Hipparchia .. . .125,174, 214 SemuAneuSN@Vaninis: « . Spee) epee ae 7/3} SCHICCAlISS iV la: seen etre ee eee 108
Senicopezany HE talniay a seneneenene 245 senmatellas Coleophora ere. 129 sexalata, Pterapherapteryx ..... 65 sexnotatus, Palpifer ...... 156, 187 SEXSUMGAtAsp NC Staal senna nga 108 similellay Microthrix = 2522. 98, 180 Sills, IBWOGIS goo eb os oa c 75
. 76,85, 163, 186, 200,207, 237 17103. 121: 128, 137,203, 209
simulans, Rhyacia
sinapis, Leptidea . .
smaragdaria, Thetidia ..... 58, 185 solidaginis, Lithomoia ........ 243 Coomera, (CAMSAD 5656655500066 243 SpantiellayAmarSiaas sere ese (gyi spiniella, Paraswammerdamia .... 130 Ssplendanay Gydiale- sain ee Sil Silos, OMINOSE. 6 5 go000 5500 194 statilinus, Neohipparchia ...... 19 staudingeri, Conistra...... 188-190 stellatarum, Macroglossum .. 49, 84, 113, 200, 203, 239 stephensiana, Cnephasia spa aygopehsne 130 subbistrigella, Mompha ....... 7| SulbituscayScopalial teil asa eecnene 130 subtuscata, Eupithecia eee 107 SublustrissApamed a.) —eee eee 94 subpropinquella, Agonopterix 37, 130 suffumata, Lampropteryx . . .121, 55, 243 suspectaa hatastichitiS ass aes ssa 243 Quiet. ADRS 65 6565 acon c 243 sylvaticella, Coleophora .... 98, 220 T taeniatum), Perizomae . 29 2 oe ae 243 taeniolellaySyncopacnial ym. seseue 52 (OS. IAMS ¢ 5 6 5 oo 6 6910328 (ENINENIS, COSC ONO, 55540000 98 tem plinDasypolialere sq selene 182, 243 Leneranas ly pinOtiays <u. een ene 13} UenNatay SCOpPUldsen- nse 107, 243 testatasulithise sence cnenene 107 thoracellasBucculatrixaes.)-.e eens 206 thiyellinas Orpyiales eee enn 25-27 titanias Closstanaes een P73}, OE tithonus, Pyronia..... 89,125, 214 TMANIQS IBOGIES 5 5 5 ocd obo oS 137 HAYS, IseieIS 5686 no 4 95, 186 tonquilellas)Paronntxoss)- nena 53-56 trabeatellus, Agriphila ........ 114 trempmlasyPheosiayyea nee eee ee 243 inidens yA crontc tages ener eee 243 trifasciata, Argyresthia. .... 180-182 trifoliwAycacnames oie nne enna WS thigemina, Abrostolams.14 eieeeneene 130 trigeminella, Coleophora ...... 108 tniplasiasyADroSstolale: - elenerenenene 108 triStataeEpirnthoeia. eee ene 107 tritici WE uxoal (ey eee eee 243 trochilella, Coleophora .109,110, 131
tullia, Coenonymphaw {4-1 107
tunbergella, Micropterix ... . turfosalis, Hypenodes tyndarus, Erebia typhae, Nonagria typica, Naenia
ulicetella, Agonopterix uncula, Eustrotia unionalis, Palpita unipuncta, Mythimna unitana, Aphelia urticae, Aglais. .
5 5 LOU WAS, WSS. IGP, WP, ZOO, PO, 2A urticae, Spilosoma
varicella, Coleophora velocella, Aroga Venataa OChlOdeSms spots ie et one PAV versicolora, Endromis vetusta, Xylena yv-flava, Oinophila vibicigerella, Coleophora viciae, Zygaena < viminetella, Coleophora vinula, Cerura violacea, Coleophora... . viretata, Acasis virgaureae, Heodes Virginiensis, Cynthia . .
viridana, Tortrix viridaria, Phytometra vitellina, Mythimna Wilitataei Onulonainaems ss sa see: vividis, Ceramides vorticella = Syncopacma cinctella
vulcania, = Vanessa indica calliroe . vulpinaria, Idaea
webbianus, Cyclyrius Wilsssubilsy. TUS D cprercnokasytt 8
wilkella, Eulamprotes wyssii, Pseudotergumia
xanthographa, Xestia xiphioides, Pieris
xylostella, Plutella
ziczac, Eligmodonta
Vii
PAGE zwartbergae, ssp. Poecilmitis MigtiCAnS i ane ewe 41,42, 43 COLEOPTERA Adaliaibipunctata, = 5 4-925 4 sc 225-8 decempunctatay 4.5 4-6: DE A227, Ampedus, see Elater Anthonomus bituberculatus .... 36 Aphthona nonstriata......... 36 /NOMVMEIRO) 4 5 go 6600905 46 158-9 AGHO Palas GUStICUSi esc ru sien elaine 24 Barypeithes sulcifrons ........ 184 CalyiaMlt4-ourttatal ssa ceeeaear 225 Carcinops|pumiON een ieee 165 Carpophilus marginellus....... 228 Sex pu StulatuSieeaeci-wew eee eee 59 Ceuthorrhynchidius troglodytes .. 35 Chilocorus renipustulatus ...... 225 Ghrysolinaicerealise-seeees eee 58 FAStUO Saga Sa eps in tee epeatl eas 124 polite y tAcerstpeese'S cues: 199-200 Cionus hortulanus, scrophulariae . . 124 Coccinella 7-punctata .... 225,2278 lal=punctataa fun. 4 3). aa 225
Creophilus maxillosus f. canariensis 116 Curculio betulae, pyrrhoceras,
TUDIGUS)..\c. ce AeeRss eet Gone glandium, venosus ..... 135 7) Cruxeanucum, villosus| S)ssel. VW Dirhagus pygmaeus.......... 155 Dorytomus melanophthalmus, SalicinisstacniatwSmsee ne eae Dyitiscussmarcinalis seqge ieee eeeeeee 1123 Blatencinnabarinusmeu-s-t-neieaeweiete 155 -Eplerus)1comptuSines ies 2 ae 165-7 antillarum, italicus, pulicarius. . 167 [DOM AMOS & 2 po boo oo Oe IS)3) Eubry.chius velutus......- eh ee eG Gnorimus)variabilisisesyese ee) een 193 Gymnetron pascuorum ....... 35 Hegeter (Heteger, err.) transversus . 116 Hydroporus glabriusculus ...... 175 Hypera dauci (fasciculata), plantacinist.. ge atsheetewed otek 161 fuscocinerea (murina), postica, punctata... 3... jeearks ce Wasdcses NISTITOSthIS\ seen S55, Gil Lagria (Lagia, evr.) atripes...... SY 7/ Litodactylus leucogaster...... 160-1 Magdalis duplicata, violacea .. . . 120-1 MecinuSipyiaSterniemee eens ee 35 Mondellataculeata= sears elses SS Otiorhynchus nodosus........ 184 Propylea 14-punctata’ . 2-2-2... .; 225 Saprositesumendaxs ene © fea = SD Strangaliaaurulentas = 2 55 ete.) 155 dihea22-punctatas Bete Assn. 225 Momoxdalbiciutataly ages manee eee 155 Trachyphloeus digitalis, scabriculus, SPINIMANUS i 4) see ae eens 129 Tribalinae, Tribalini, Tribalus.... 166
ALS TTL NUS gs oucliaheaate 166, 167
Vili
PAGE
DERMAPTERA Anisolabis (Annisolatus, err.) TAXA Ae ean stat eons ss. seven 116 Chelisoches brevipennis (bimammatus),morio ...... 101 INalaronnatarrei sre. Fi c,. sake ee 101 DIPTERA Achalcus melanotrichus ....... Xe, Achanthiptera rohrelliformis . . 28, 63 Alloeostylus diaphanus, simplex .. 28 SUCELICUSH Pea eree een Hes, (Sys. Allognota agromyzina ........ 29 Allophorocera ferruginea ...... 30 Alophorajhemiptenral 275-5 coe i 3i3) Amobialsignataues = 2 42 ote 31 Anasimiyialineatae sees 4 ee 230 Anthomiyia imbnrida “2 2)2. 24.2 - 61 Azelia cilipes, macquarti, zetterstedti 28 Bellardia unxia (Onesia biseta) ... 60 Bibio lepidus, leucopterus, marci, VALIP EC Sty ete evis ee heen e sc Rien tae 192 DOMMONEES Go eau sido c Gy, 1VG73) Bicellaria intermedia, nigra ..... 194 Brachicomaidevials . als 2 = sien 31 Brachyopa bicolor, pilosa ...... 230 INSenSiliswep sje, ste aes, < 1 eee Ne 231 Scutellanisy ey eee eis ase 206, 230-1 Brachypalpus laphriformis ..... 232 GCaliprobolatspeciosas . 5 > sea 4 - 232 Calliophiysiipaniaeeee senor ener e 29 Calliphora subalpina, vicina... . . 60 Cheilosia scutellaris,soror...... 230 Chirosia albitarsis, _ flavipennis, PaLVicOnnishin 4 hs eA Se AL 61 Chrysogaster macquarti ....... 230 (CINinOOUUSIEGUI 55 4 5.400466 i’)
Cleigastra (Cnemopogon) apicalis . 60 Coenosia intermedia, lineatipes,
tipminastniCOlommeweneer aise one 30 Coniosternum tinctiventris ..... 175 Cordilura impudica, pudica ..... 60 Craspedochaeta pullula ....... 61 Cnorhinayasilical ee. en eee 22 Cynomya mortuorum ........ 60 Dasyphoraveyanellay = 5-22. 28 Delia criniventris, lamelliseta .... 62 Dendrophaonia querceti. ...... 28 Dideatasciatalaminss «cme Malo Digonochaeta spinipennis ...... 30 Dioctria baumhaueri......... 62
WNC ATIS. 9) acy Semmes Sic vlan ons 193 Dithny caveurttularis ss) 2 2. 10 Ditricha, see Dithryca DONCHOPUSies hay Aamir eee Diapetisephippiata =| 9.55.08 1934 Dnvanlelaahiatnaital e-.eeenr nen eee 28 BelemmUSCarlasSp pra list ee eee Nene 62 Emmesomydayvillical = = {yess 4 ce. 62 Epistrophe diaphanal a). ais. o..0e 229
Eniopteraeriseipennis . ... 0.06 - 60
PAGE Eniothrixenomacn lateness cnenene 230 Ernestia consobrina, truncata. ... 30 DMMESMUS OMNIS 5b 5 as ea be 230 Eustalomyia festiva, histrio .... . 61-2 LEMOS VARNIRN, 6 6 5 5 oo eb a oe 156 Fannia aequilineata, hamata .... 63
canicularis, coracina, monilis, postica, scalaris, vesparia
Graphomya maculata ........ 29 PiCtac Hak cs. fe Lae He) (9.3)
Gymmnodiathumiliss ese eee 29
Hebecnenid’ 2s... Se ea 62 affinis, nigricolor, umbratica, VESPeLtinal ies cc et nae
Helina atripes, duplicata, impuncta, laetifica, lasiophthalma, obscurata, pertusa, quadrum,
SCMVENUTMS 5 aber eee ese Hercostomus assimilis, chalybeus,
Chiy;SOZYPOSi-a uae omnes Heterostylodes pratensis. ...... 62 [FREIAO MOU 5 565008 6 6 ost 194 Hybomitra bimaculata f. bisignata . 192 Hydrophoria annulata, caudata... 61
Hydrotaea armipes, bimaculata, dentipes, irritans, occulta, similis 28
Palas. nacht ::'s on cae oe eee 285) 63 FiyJemiyals tren aa ueeee ene enon 62 LASIOMMIA) «ws eye. cs eee ae ee 61 Revcophoraicinereausss-ian-e ane Bile Oil
eriSellalscpe tear c.ss. 1 ocean memes 61 Leucopis *argenticollis, *geniculata,
DIACCOX: 28. (a) a eae
EOrDISCtas <5 kien Rome 71 Leucozona glaucia, laternaria . . 229-30 Limnophora maculosa........ 29 Limoniaytnipunctatag) eyelet nea 60 eispestenitaculaitaaeaeaeaeEemen nen enene 29 Lispocephala alma, erythrocera. .. 29 Lophosceles cinereiventris...... 28
OUND ADIGE Pome 8 rans MAS SO, 28, 63 Ibyphaldubiagy-sieus ous ese aoa 30 Machimus atricapillus ........ 103) Macronychia ungulans........ Sil Macrorchisimeditatasers 12 -eieeue YY) Mallota cimbiciformis ........ 230 Medetera ambigua, impigra ..... 229 MISCO NMIEIMOS sogeccooeus 30
Megaselia bovista, buxtoni, flava, flavicans, impolluta, lutea, nigra 104
HUSCINELVISieute oe een 1514 SIPAUCIN Ye gee en sce, cee 22 PAAMOROGIES 5555 5ne 556 105 Melaneyinaleuitvaltals sienen nanan 230 Melanomyia (Morinia) ........ 62 Mesembrina meridiana........ 28 Metopia argyrocephala........ 31 Miltogramma punctatum ...... Bil Morellia aenescens, hortorum, SIMplOKe omer, 2) oc. cee 28 Musca domestica, autumnalis .... 28 Muscina assimilis, pabulorum, stabulans-...<a.004 Gia ee 28
PAGE My dacae = a. ss 7cna, + sys eucicle smc 63 ancilla, electa, scutellaris, tincta,
UL DAN Aes sen e-sk-. oa cee Pa eRe Myospila meditabunda........ we) Nanna (Amaurosoma) fasciata ... 60 Neoitamus cyanurusy] 5 a2) 4 enue 95 Norellisoma spinimanum ...... 60 Nupediaantirmas = =... en 62 Ocytataypallipesi e-em ce 30 Ophyraleucostoma ......... 28 Orelliaitalcataye.. eo ane) eee 10 Orthellia viridis os eae oe = 28 Oxthoneuramnobilisssesr eee eee 230 Osavene joulldnsla sasceadase 192 Rarasynphus lineolayy =) ene en 230 Pareclemadicums- seme ee ean 62 Parhelophilus frutetorum ...... 230 Payikulliaimiaculatals ey eieeens ene 31 Pegohylemyia fugax ......... 61 Resomyalmicnitarsiss- 0c ene 62 Pegomyza praepotens ........ 62 Petatachinantibialises) --een ene nee 30 Phaonia basalis,errans ........- 28
fuscata, goberti, halterata,
incana, pallida, palpata, perdita,
populi, rufipalpis, serva, signata,
trimaculata, variegata, viarum.. 29 29
Wittineral seen @ sees eye 63 Phorbiassecuns. Sepia caren iene 61 Rhormiaiterraenovac sen ssenem nen 60 MiinpOnemelssenocneacauae 30
VS ANA Ss ae a rete ae care oe 202 Pinytordiscrepansmarnen-ienen cee 30-31 Platymuyastimibniatae se) 2) eee 30 Mijn Glleis G5accaa08 194 Polietes albolineatus, lardarius ... 28 Rollenianvyaniay egestas cee = 60 Pseudonupedia intersecta ...... 62 Pseudolimnophora triangula .... 29 Psilocephala melaleuca........ IDs) Ptychoneura cylindrica ....... 31 Rhamphomyia sulcatella ...... 194 Rihinophora lepidaless) se) an 30-1
Sarcophaga carnaria, crassimargo, dissimilis, haemorrhoa ......
SOMO os ecaccdosonues 60 Senvllih Wii scons acnauo¢ 30 Spiloponal yc a as) Ste 2 ae ee 62
denigmatal Vana: weiss ene icnran 2S)
Syrphus, see Epistrophe, Leucozona, Melangyna,
Parasyrphus Mabanusib nomi Seance were nee 193 Trichopticoides decolor ....... 28 Mropidialscitalesss-es eeencnernenon 162 Trypeta, see Orellia Verrallia beatricis, villosa ...... 229 Wacneniaisagateds -cu-i ise et-tanc 30
Xylota abiens, florum, lenta, nemorum, sylvarum, tarda, Kanthocnemaws | ies ceo Se 231
ix
PAGE HEMIPTERA ATadisidepressusi ei een me ISS) Ryrmhoconsrapterus silence 96 HYMENOPTERA Allantus'caleeatus) 25 5.54) - M76. 178
PRUTICATUSG cuca cs soe. 1 feu e-eacaes 178 Amauronematus fallax, fasciatus,
histo ti beroieenem seeks mew. 178 Anthidium manicatum........ 114 ANOS TMI 5 6 6G boo nb DO Ge 115 Arachnospila wesmaeli........ 155 Bombus terrestris canariensis .114, 115 Cercerisiconcinna 4 os es ee 114 Gimbexs(@. femoratus) fe ee en 221 CrossocerusiexieuuSl ss een 155 Dolerus aeneus’......:..-- 117, 178
CoOthumatus niger, 7. sence 178 Smo AISGIOP > ooo bc ocob oe 178
pumitlay cases so acheter 177 Eutomostethus luteiventris .... . 178 BUA Cronatae see seen ener 178 Lasioglossum brevicorne...... . 155 Lygaeonematus, Lygaeophora, see
Pristiphora Mesoneura, see Pachynematus Monophadnoides geniculata. .... 178 Nematus bergmannt 25.:.-.. - - 178
MCMINOOE 25600 a6 175-6, 178 Osmiaypilicornnisseeweneweee eee ence 155 Pachynematus (Mesoneura)
AnCtICUS hess seh ote ee: alge, Wiles Paravespula germanica........ IS Penneuramubi seen HGS Phyllocolpa acutiserra, excavata
BAe arabes Me cae ee Sees
COACH Sry era annae ar Ett 178 Rodaltonitantyideivem-seneeeea men on 114 Pontania bridgmanni, collectanea,
ubeothoMliS Gs gp o oie Gn oup-ore 178
GMOSOES oo a de do Oooo s SLANT) Pristiphora (Lygaeonematus,
IGA RIO) o a3 5050500 s N77]
Janificag teens here os 176, 177
* micronematica (leucostoma) 175-7
pallidiventris, sp. nr. quercus . . 178
Giemalinwenl ~ S95 GoGo esecee 117 Sharliphora amphibola........ 178 Tenthredo moniliata, velox ..... 178 Trichiosomalucorum ..... 27
Vespula, see Paravespula
MECOPTERA
Boreusiivemalisters . eee =: 158
PAGE PAGE ODONATA Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa....... 6, 58 Gryllusicampestris’-)5 4) 9) 58 Aeshna isosceles, syacc4 boss 3: 2 58 Meconema thalassinum ....... 8 INGHOM WINES) 6 g4e 6 oa J 80 eo c 246 Melanoplus frigidus ......... 6 INPRO Os Ono othe xen oe ee Ore 114 Myrmeleotettix maculatus ... 7, 11 Omocestus viridulus ....... 7 al Platycleistspiy) 23 cote = eee 2 een 116 ORTHOPTERA Stenobothrus stigmaticus ...... 8 Stethophyma grossum ........ 6 Aiolopus strepens, thalassinus matG ae SHOEI JES EADNS = 6, . 1a Ariagona margaritae ......... 116 T ne ulata acs. eee iiog Calliptamus plebe1s)) >). ose 116 CUS UTE ISTE SINE a Go a ape 2 8 Chorthippus albomarginatus .. 6, 12 LICUNDSI Go Bo coo aie oe ale We NAN) Patallelu'ss wate cers 7, 13-14 PHASMIDA Decticusverucivorus; 22°. 2 2 2. 58 Gomphocerippus rufus ..... Hil, iy Glonopsisjcallicaiys ae esiene ieee 39-40
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Etainia decentella (Herrich-Schaffer 1855). (Lepidoptera Nepticulidae) A Possible Discovery of the First Generation Larva of P. J. Johnson, 245
Euchromius ocellea (Haworth) (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Britain. The History of B. Skinner, 139
Eucosma metzneriana Treitschke in Hampshire J. R. Langmaid , 202
Eulype hastata L.: Argent and Sable, Feeding at Bluebells (Endymion nonscriptus) B. K. West, 79
Euphydryas aurinia Rott. and Other Local Butterflies in Durfold Woods, Surrey/Sussex Border in 1982. The Marsh Fritillary M. S. Harvey, 203
Eupithecia phoeniceata Rambur: Cypress Pug, in Essex. C. C. Penney, 8
Eupithecia phoeniceata Rambur in the Eastbourne Area. The Rise of the Cyprus Pug: M. Parsons, 77
Eupithecia pimpinellata Hbn. in War- wickshire. The Pimpinel Pug: R. J. Thomas, 216
Euphydryas aurinea Rott. in Cumbria. The Marsh Fritillary: M. J. Y. Foley, 240
Eurois occulta L.: Great Brocade, in Suffolk C. Penney, 202
Exhibition. A Very Fine P. C. Hawker, 74
Flying Crooked J. S. Phillpotts, 183
Gonepteryx rhamni L. Apparently Im- bibing at Hydrangea Flowers. The Brimstone: B. K. West, 172
Greece: July-August 1980. Butterflies in Northern J. V. Dacie, M. K. V. Dacie, P. Grammaticos, J. Coutsis, 18
Hamearis lucina L.: Duke of Burgundy. An Unusual Aberration of R. D. Sutton, 200
Hamearis lucina L. The Decline of the Duke of Burgundy M. R. Oates, 240
Heodes ottomanus Lefebvre and Cleo- patra: Gonepteryx CleopatraL. in Yugoslavia. The Grecian Copper: J. E. Green, L. G. Higgins, 201
Hesperia comma L. A New Locality near Eastbourne. The Silver-spotted Skipper: M. Parsons, 235
Hummingtird Hawk Moth in London. The T. Lumley, 200
Hypera fuscocinerea Marsh. Etc. (Col.: Curculionidae) In §S. E. London A. A. Allen, 35
Hypera rumicis (Linnaeus) (Col.: Cur- culionidae) Swimming Behaviour of R. W. J. Read, 160
Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1980: A Supplemen- tary Note. The R. F. Bretherton, J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 47
Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1981, including that of the Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus L. R. F. Bretherton, J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 81
Indigenous Macrolepidoptera of Abbot’s Wood, East Sussex. The Decline of the M. Hadley, 92
Iphiclides podalirius (L.) in Britain. The Scarce Swallow-tail, R. S. Wilkinson, 168
John Abbot’s Drawings and Notes for a Proposed Supplement to Smith and Abbot ‘‘The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects ee a (1797) R. S. Wilkinson,
5
Kirkcudbrightshire, South West Scotland. Macrolepidoptera of an Upland Area in P. D. Hulme, 106
Lasiommata megera (L.) (Lepidoptera: Satyridae). Wait or Seek? Mate Location Strategies in the Wall Brown Butterfly, R. L. H. Dennis 209
Lepidoptera in Ireland. D. J. Agassiz 130
’
’
Leptidia sinapis L. in South Devon. The Wood White P. J. Baker, 103
Leucopis Meigen (Diptera: Chamae- mylidae) New to Britain. Three Species of J. F. G. McLean, 70
Letter to the Editor. C. L. Nissen, 88
Limenitis reducta Staudinger (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in Yorkshire. Sur- vival of R. J. D. Tilley, 216
ue Butterflies. M. Townsend,
40
Lobophora halterata WHufn. Seraphim; (Lep.: Geometridae). Melanic Form of B. K. West, 218
Logia atripes Muls & Guil. (Col.) in the New Forest etc. A. A. Allen, 157
Low Numbers of Lepidoptera in 1981. J. H. Vine-Hall, 182
Lycaenid Butterflies from the South Western Cape Province. Three New C. G. C. Dickson, 222
Magdalis violacea L. (Col.: Curculionidae). Correction of a Record A. A. Allen, 120
Margaret Fountaine: The Fate of Many of her Books and Some of her Notes. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt , 235
Microlepidoptera: a Review of the Year 1981. D. J. L. Agassiz, 97
Microlepidoptera Notes for 1981. Scot- tish K. P. Bland, 219
vi
Moma alpium Osbeck at Orlestone Forest. The Scarce Merveille-du- Jour M. Enfield, 66
Mompha lacteella Stephens: a Possible Distinguishing Character. R. J. Heckford ,116
Mompha nodicolella Fuchs (Lep.: Mom- phidae). Notes on A. M. Emmet, 21
Monochroa hornigi (Staud.) Further Records of D. J. L. Agassiz, 77
Mythimna loreyi Duponchel and other Migrants in Cornwall, August 1982. The Cosmopolitan NV. Gill, 203
Mythimna vitellina Hbn. in May. M. W. F. Tweedie, 150
New Host Plant Records for Cionus hortulanus (Geoff .) (Col.: Curculio- midae) and Chrysolina fastuosa (Scop.) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) R. C. Welch, 124
Nineteenth Century Issues of Smith and Abbot, The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia (1797) R. S. Wilkinson, 122
Nola aerugula WHbn.: Scarce Black Arches and Autographa _ bractea D. & S. Gold Spangle in Sheppey F. H. Clouter, 203
Nola confusalis H.-S. and Roeslerstam- mia erxlebella F. on Lime. Larvae on the Least Arches: J. L. Fenn, 1
Nymphalis antiopa L. at Sea J. G. Coutsis , 241
Nymphalis polychloros L. in 1982. The Large Tortoiseshell M. S. Harvey, 203
Observations on Lepidoptera in the Cevennes, Easter 1981. J. S. E. Feltwell, G. N. Burton, 134
Odontosia carmelita Esper Eat? What Does R. Lovell-Pank, 194
aaa Oddities C. F. Cowan, 02
Orgyia thyellina Butler, ©. recens Hubner and O. antiqua L. Contrast- ing Results in Assembling Experi- ments using Sir C. Clarke, S. Greenberg and A. H. Wright, 25
Orthoptera in Highland Scotland. FE. C. M. Haes, 6
Pachynematus arcticus (Lundqvist) (Hy- menoptera, Tenthredinidae). Note onA. D, Liston, 117
Pagham Harbour, West Sussex. Lepi- doptera at D. Dey, 200
Palpifer sexnotatus Moore (Lep.: Hepia- lidae) in Britain. P. J. Baker, 156
Panolis flammea Hbn. Larval Variation ea Pine Beauty, M. E. Majerus,
Papilio machaon L. (Swallowtail) Flouri- shing in a N. Norfolk Locality 1981.A. A. Allen, 56
Pararge aegeria L. (Speckled Wood) feeding on Damaged Apple B. K. West, 238
Parornix finitimella (Zeller) and P. torquillelia (Zeller) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) A. M. Emmet, 53
Peribatodes secundaria D. & S. in Sussex. The Feathered Beauty: R. G. Chatelain, 218
Peribatodes secundaria D. & S. The Larva of R. G. Chatelain, 190
Phalera bucephala L. Feeding on Sorbus Species (Rosaceae) and Aspen. Larvae of the Buff-tip B. K. West, 198
Phoridae (Diptera) from Cocoons of Cimbicidae (Hymenoptera. Further Records of A. D. Liston, 221
Phoridae (Diptera) Reared from Fungi. Records of R. H. L. Disney, R. E. Evans, 104
Phyllonorycter dubitella (H.-S.) and Coleophora limosipennella (Dup. in South Yorkshire. H. E. Beau- mont, 190
Phyllonorycter saportella (Duponchel) (hortella Fabricius) in East Norfolk. A. M. Emmet, 119
Phyllonorycter saportella (Duponchel) in East Anglia. Further Notes on A.M. Emmet, 244
Pieris cheiranthi Hbn. in Tenerife R. J. V. Elliott , 199
Pieris napi L. at Morton Lochs, Fife, Scotland in 1981. The Appearance of a Third Brood in the Green- Veined White: P. K. Kinnear, 194
Plant Chemistry. Restricted Distribu- tions of Butterflies and D. F. Owen, 205
“Pock-mark”’ in Entomology. The Use of ae Term J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 5)
“Pock-mark” in Entomology. The Use of the Term J. R. Langmaid,161
Rae and his Records, and a Note on Mr. William Reid of Pitcaple. Mr.J. M. R. Young, 75
Red Admiral. An Early E. H. Wild, 79
Red Admiral on the Wing in December 1981.8. C. S. Brown, 124
Rhyacia simulans Hufnagel: Dotted Rustic in Lincolnshire. M. Town- send, 237
Rhyacia simulans Hufnagel. Further Kentish Records of the Dotted Rustic NV. F. Heal, 163
Rhyacia simulans (Hufnagel) (Lep.: Noctuidae). Successful Rearing of the Dotted Rustic: P. Convey, 207
Saltatoria of the Bristol Area and North Somerset. A Survey of the J. F. Burton, 11
Samuel Dale’s “1704” Catalogue of English Butterflies. R. S. Wilkinson, 36
Sawflies from Whitelaw Moss Nature Reserve, Southern Scotland, with a Species New to Britain (Hym.: Symphyta). Some A. D. Liston, WS)
Scuttle Fly (Diptera, Phoridae) that Appears to be a Parasitoid of a Snail (Stylommatophora zoni- tidae) and Itself Parasitised by a Braconid (Hymenoptera) R. H. L. Disney, 151
Selenia lunaria D. & S. in East Sussex. The Lunar Thorn: M. Parsons, 238
Senta flammea (Curtis) (The Flame Wainscot) at Wye, Kent M. A. Enfield, 161
South African Butterflies. Four New C. G. C. Dickson, 32,41
Sphinx ligustri L. (Privet Hawkmoth) Disappearance from N. W. Kent B. K. West, 242
Stand fussiana lucernea (Linn.) (Lepido- ptera:Noctuidae) in Lancashire. The Northern Rustic E. G. Hancock, 233
Strange Case of Larval Depravity. A M. Hadley, 119
Striped Hawkmoth in Devon in 1980. J.C. A. Craik, 187
Strymonidia w-album Knoch., The White- Letter Hairstreak: A. Archer-Lock, 16
Syncopacma larseniella (Gozmany), a Hitherto Underrecorded Species. R. J. Heckford, 132
Syntomid in Cambridge. A South American B. O. C. Gardiner, 75
Syntarucus pirithous L. A New Food- plant for J. G. Coutsis , 235
Tephritidae (Dipt.) on a South East London Common. Two Interesting A.A. Allen, 10
Trachyphloeus spp. (Col.: Curculionidae). A Note on Two A. A. Allen, 129
Treasurer’s Notice. P. J. Johnson, 236
Trichoplusia ni Hbn. in Hampshire. The Ni Moth J. R. Langmaid, 204
Trichoplusia ni Hbn. in Warwickshire. The First Recording of D. C. G. Brown, 239
Tropidia _ scita (Harris) (Diptera: Syrphidae) in VC. 69 N. L. Birkett, 162
“Types” of Maniola jurtina splendida White (Lep.: Satyridae). The G. Thomson, 89
Udea decrepitalis H.-S. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Wales P. J. Jewess, 121
Unusual Indigenous Macrolepidoptera at Ninfield East Sussex in July 1982. Some M. Parsons, 205
Vanessa indica (Herbst) in Warwickshire: New to Britain K, Turner, 217
What’s ina Name? A. A. Allen, 4
What’s in a Name? A.Suggestion A. J. Showler, 124
Wildlife and Country Act, 1981. The A, E. Stubbs, 57
Windsor Forest. Further Notable Diptera From A. A. Allen, 191
Wye, Kent in 1981. Interesting Moths at M. V. Light at or Near M. Enfield, 76
Yorkshire. Additions to the Macrolepi- doptera of S. M. Jackson, 99
Yponomeuta evonymella (Linnaeus) in Southern England. A. M. Emmet, 241
Zygaena loti scotica Rowland Brown on Mull. J. H. Vine-Hall, 131
Current Literature: 20, 27, 40, 80, 88, 1O0e ISS) 163eel64 19 GALS 7e 247.
Obituary: Collinson W. E. 73 Dixon, GyH:- 156 Gane, J. V. 74 Goodban, B.S. 73 Largen, R. 247 Sutton, G. R. 179
INES VAS Dodo Wig SST), WSO)
Allcard, H.G.111
Allen, A. A. 4, 10, 35,56, 78,120,129, I SelSee LO I229
Archer-Lock, A. 16, 123
Baker, P. J. 103, 156
Birkett, N. L. 133, 162, 206 Barrington, R. D.G. 69, 103 Beaumont, H. E. 108, 190
Bland, K. P. 219
Blathwayt, C.S.H. 154
Bloxham, M. G. 28, 60 Bretherton, R. F.47, 81,141, 218 Brindle, A. 101
Brown, D.C. G. 239
Vili
Brown, S.C.S. 124 Buddle, R. F. 110 Burton, G. N. 134 Burton, J. F. 11, 208
Campbell, J. A. 174
Chalmers-Hunt, J. M. 1, 47, 59, 81, Qe Ale 792 OD 20455 355)
Chatelain, R. G. 190, 204, 218
Chitty, J.C. O. 147
Clarke, Sir C. 25
Classey, E. W. 15
Clouter, F. H. 203
Convey, P. 207
Coutsis, J.G. 18, 235, 241
Craik, J.C. A. 187, 243
Dacie, J. V. 18
Dacie, M. K. V. 18
Dennis, R. L. H. 209
Dey, D. 200
Dickson, C. G. C. 32, 41, 222 Disney, R. H. L. 104,151
Elliott, R. I. V. 199, 245
Emmets Ase Mis 21) 53 a119 s80F 238. 239, 241, 244
Enfield, M. 66, 76, 161
Evans, R. E. 104
Feltwell, J.S.E. 134 Renneeeesoil
Foley, M. J. Y. 238, 240 Foster, A. P. 246
Gardiner, B.O.C. 75,122 Gill, N. 203
Goater, B. 188 Grammaticos, P. 18 Greatorex-Davies, J. N. 218 Green, J. E. 163, 201 Greenberg, S. 25
Hadley, M. 65, 92,119, 201 HaesnEs ©. M6.39 Hancock, E. G. 233 Harmer, A. 40
Harvey, M.S. 203
Hawker, P. C. 74, 237
Heal, N. F. 59, 103, 129, 163 Heckford, R. J. 116,132 Higgins, L. G. 201
Horton, G. A. N. 24
Hume, P. D. 106
Jackson, S. M. 99 Jewess, P.J.121 Johnson, P. J. 236, 245
Kinnear, P. K. 194 Kneller, B. A. 221, 236 Knill-Jones, R. P. 77
Kydd, D. W. 37
Lanemaid, J. R. 66, 109; 161, 1825 202, 204
Wiston, ALD» il US i/liomeat
Lovell-Pank, R. 162, 194
Luckens, €. J. 125,173
Lumley, T. 200
Majerus, M. E. N. 150 McLean, I. G. F. 70 Michaelis, H. N. 37, 102 Miller, R. H. 162 Morton, A. C. 67
Nash, D. R. 165,228 Newnham, T. 162 Nissen, C. L. 88
Oates, M. R. 240 O’Heffernan, H. L. 237 Owen, D. F.52, 205,225
Parsons, M. 77, 205, 235, 238 Pelham-Clinton, E.C. 123,215 Penney, C. C. 8, 202
Phillpott, J.S. 183
Platts, J. 200
Prance. D. 59
Read, R. W. J. 36, 160, 184, 199 Rutherford, C. I. 76, 195
Sevastopulo, D. G. 17, 69 Showler, A. J. 124 Simson, E. C. L. 45 Skinner, B. 139 Sokoloff, P. 88, 100,185 Stubbs, A. E. 57
Sutton, R. D. 200
Tennent, W.J.9
Thomas, R. J. 216
Thomson, G. 89
Tilley, R. J. D. 216 Townsend, M. 237, 240 Turner, K. 217
Tweedie, M. W. F.1, 150, 220
Valletta, A. 111 Vine-Hall, J. H. 131, 182
Warren, R. G. 44
Welch, R. C. 124
West. 9 Bi Ke 38.9 198 25 IOS lee 238, 242
Wild, E. H. 79, 204, 206
Wilkinson, R. S. 36, 38, 224
Wright, A. H., 25
Young, M. R.75
PLATE II
Photo: C.G.C.D.
FOUR NEW SOUTH AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES -
By C.G.C. DICKSON, M.Sc.*
(Concluded from Volume 94, page 35)
A new race of Poecilmitis nigricans (Aurivillius).
The first example of this exquisite little butterfly was secured by William Burchell at Genadendal, in the Cape Colony, in 1815 (i.e., in one of its races); and the specimen is still preserved in the University Museum, Oxford. It was known to Trimen as a “‘variety”’ of Poecilmitis [Zeritis| thysbe (L.), but only from very few speci- mens. Aurivillius described it himself as a “variety” of thysbe in Seitz’ Macrolep. of World, 13: 430 (1924), under the present name; the type-locality being the Muizenberg Mountains in the Cape Peninsula. The writer has realised since first capturing specimens of nigricans on the Fransch Hoek Mountains in November, 1945, that the males, at least, from there too, differed from the nominate insect, especially with regard to the wider black band in the hind- wing upperside. This feature is very obvious also in males from the Klein and Groot Zwartbergen and examples from these localities have been used for the description given hereuxder.
Poecilmitis nigricans zwartbergae subsp. nov.
Male.
The forewings tend to be somwhat less pointed than in nomi- nate P. nigricans.
Upperside.
In comparison with nominate nigricans the black band of hindwing is normally much broadened; at its greatest width, its inner edge being 3.5—4.5 mm. from the wing-margin (the width varying somewhat in different specimens and at least in one male
*“Blencathra”, Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s Estate, Cape Town.
LEGEND TO PLATE II
Pseudonympha camdeboo spec. nov.: fig. 1. o” holotype (upperside); fig. 2: ¢ allotype (upperside); fig. 3:o* holotype (underside); fig. 4 9 ailotype (underside).
Lepidochrysops jamesi claassensi subsp. nov.: fig. 5. c*»holotype (upper- side); fig.6. 2? allotype (upperside); fig. 7. o' holotype (underside); fig. 8.9 allo- type (underside).
Poecilmitis nigricans zwartbergae subsp. nov.: fig. 9.07 holotype (upper- side); fig. 10 9 allotype (upperside); tig. 11.o* holotype (underside); fig. 12.2 allotype (underside).
Poecilmitis palmus margueritae subsp. nov.: fig. 13. & holotype (upper- side); fig. 14. ¢ allotype (upperside); fig. 15.07 holotype (underside); fig. 16. Q allotype (underside).
All figures natural size. Note: The bronzy-brown coloration of the upper- side of L. j. claassensi is not represented correctly in figs. 5 & 6, in which the tone is much more reddish than in nature. All the other figures in the plate show the true colour satisfactorily. (Colour reproduction by Unifoto (Pty.), Ltd., Cape Town).
42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
seen, not specially broadened). Veining across the submarginal orange-red portion of the wing more conspicuously black-scaled than in nominate race.
Underside.
Dark streak of forewing parallel with the distal-margin, usually so broadened as to coalesce with, or at least touch, the black spots in areas 2 and 4 (one exception in this respect, has been seen). Hindwing with deeper and more prominent brown or rufous-brown colouring, as a “zone”, beyond the middle of the wing, in nearly all specimens, than in nominate nigricans, and this darkening also apply- ing in general to the wing near the base; while in the least darkly marked examples there is, anyway, more contrast between the dark and light areas.
Length of forewing: 12.75 - 15.0 mm. (13.5 mm. in holotype).
Female.
Forewings more rounded distally than in the female of nomi- nate nigricans.
Upperside.
Blue from bases of all wings rather deeper and duller than in the female of nominate nigricans, and the dark marginal border broader, that of the hindwings more noticeably so, in comparison with the latter taxon. Dark costal border of forewing also tends to be broader and is in some cases much more prominent.
Underside.
The dark streak parallel with the distal-margin of the forewings has not been markedly broadened in all of the females concerned, though broadened in a number, including the allotype.
Length of forewing: 13.25 — 16.5 mm. (the former measure- ment, in allotype).
o& Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Zwartberg Pass, 7.X11.1973 (no collector’s name); British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 18699.
? Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as for holotype 21.11.1977 (Dr. J. B. Ball); British Museum Reg. No. Rh 18700
Paratype in author’s collection: data as for holotype (at approx. 5,000 ft.), 29.XI.1969,, one & (C.G.C.D.).
Paratypes in Coll. Dr. J. B. Ball: as holotype, 21.11.1977, one o (Dr. J. B. Ball); 2.X1.1968, one 0 3.X.1968, three oo" (Dr. J. Kaplan); 7.X1I.1973, one o (no collector’s name).
Paratypes in Coll. C. W. Wykeham: as holotype, 27.XII.1969, two oo (C. W. Wykeham); Seven Weeks Poort (Klein Zwartberg), 1.X1I.1962, twod'c’, one @ (C. W. W.).
Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: as holotype, 9.XI.1946, twoddone ¢ (K. M. Pennington); 29.X.1963, three 60 29.X.1963, two 2¢ 4.1.1965, one ? 4.X.1965,two ¢?9 20.X.1966, one ¢ (R. Badham). Seven Weeks Poort (Klein Zwartbergen), 30.X.1941, three oc two 92 (Dr. G. van Son); 29.X1.1957, one o& ,one ¢ (K. M. Pennington).
The larger examples, of both sexes, of zwartbergae, attain a larger size than the largest ones of P. n. nigricans.
FOUR NEW SOUTH AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES 43
Specimens of this group from the Fransch Hoek Mountains (and the adjoining Middenkrantzberg) are larger on the whole than the nominate race and both sexes are normally devoid of orange in the cilia, on the upper- side of the forewing, with white spaces only, between the black portions. The black hindwing bands of the males are decidedly wider in most specimens, than in nominate nigricans, but with the width varying noticeably in some individual specimens. On the underside, the dark streak parallel with the distal-margin of the forewing tends to be wider than in the nominate race but the hindwing underside is more like that of the latter race, than of zwartber- gae. This insect can be regarded as representing another race in itself. Male examples from the Hermanus Mountains seem to be more similar to nominate nigricans: i.e., from the few seen by the present writer.
Grateful thanks are due to Dr. J. B. Ball for furnishing a high proportion of the specimens employed in the study of P. n. zwartbergae; and to Dr. L. Vari, of the Transvaal Museum.
A new race of Poecilmitis palmus (Cramer).
The striking features of this race of Poecilmitis palmus (Cramer) were first appreciated after a male specimen in good condition had been caught by Mrs. K. M. Wykeham, when accompanied by her husband the late K. M. Wykeham, 6 miles to the east of Knysna, in the South Western Cape Province, on 24th January, 1964. In March of the following year the locality was revisited by the writer with Mr. Wykeham and a useful series of further speci- mens of both sexes, in perfect condition, was secured. The main characters of this race are described below.
Poecilmitis palmus margueritae subsp. nov.
Male (upperside).
Dark basal scaling more extensive than in the nominate race, especially in the hindwing, and of a noticeably darker, bluish-black, colour; the inner- marginal concavity also darker. Black spotting over the orange-red ground- colour of the wings tends to be more prominent than in the nominate race and the distal-margin of the forewings broader; while in the hindwing there is always a continuous black marginal border, which is almost consistently relatively prominent, extending down to at least vein 6. There is less orange in. the cilia of the forewing and less encroachment of this on to the actual wing- surface, than in the nominate race: this applying, certainly, to all specimens that have been seen from the type-locality itself.
Underside.
Continuous dark streak parallel with distal-margin of forewing broader and darker than is normally the case in the nominate race and the darkened zones (more or less reddish-brown) of the hindwing, darker and more richly coloured than in the nominate race.
Some darkening of the abdomen is also apparent.
Length of forewing: 12.75 — 14.75 mm. (the latter measurement, in holotype).
Female (Upperside). ;
All characters as in the male, but the black spotting of the wings 1s inclined to be even more pronounced, while the black border of the hindwing is also more pronounced and extensive, and contrasts in these respects quite markedly with that of the nominate race.
44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
Underside.
Characters in general much as in the male, but the dark line parallel with the distal-margin of the forewing has not, in the females seen, been widened as much as in the males.
Length of forewing: 14.5 — 16.0 mm. (the latter measurement, in allotype).
c7 Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: 6 miles E. of Knysna, 113.111.1965 (C. G. C. Dickson); British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 18701
2 Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as for holotype; British Museum Reg. Rh. 18702
Paratypes in author’s collection: data as for holotype, 24.1.1964, one @ (Mrs. K. M. Wykeham); 13.]I1.1965, two oo” , one ? (C.G.C.D.).
Paratypes in Coll. Dr. J. B. Ball, W. CAPE PROVINCE: Keurbooms River Forest Reserve, nr. Nature’s Valley (30 miles E.of Knysna), 18.XII.1979, five o’o. [It may be mentioned that Dr. Ball has discovered other localities for this butterfly in the district as a whole. Some of the specimens concerned have been less extreme than others in the development of the dark marking].
Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: data as for holotype, one o& (C.G.
G.D;). The writer possesses two male specimens of P. palmus from the Witte- klip Mountain, 23 miles W. of Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape Province, captured by Mr. L. Hersalek on 10/12/67 and 15/1/68; and these examples bear a resemblance on the upperside to Knysna ones. Mr. V. L. Pringle has subsequently caught other specimens there and, as he has pointed out, the undersides of this population are not always specially darkened.
The habitat near Knysna is in a slight, sloping depression, somewhat damp and with grass, Bracken and other plants present. One of the chief food-plants of P. palmus, the yellow-flowered shrub Chrysanthemoides monilifera T. Norl. (Compositae) occurs abundantly there. This particular race of this brilliantly coloured Lycaenid is named with much pleasure after Mrs. K. M. Wykenham — with respect to her second Christian name. The original specimen concerned is figured in colour in Pennington’s Butter- flies of Southern Africa, P\. 125, fig. 426 HI (1978).
THE BEAUTIFUL SNOUT: BOMOLOCHA FONTIS THUNB. — I was interested in the reference (Ent. Rec. 93: 241) to the occurrence of B. fontis in Kent in places where bilberry was absent. In July 1979 I saw several examples of this species in the Gower peninsula, South Wales in a wood where so far as I could see there was no bilberry.
In Staffordshire, B. fontis was at one time common in several oak woods with a dense undergrowth of bilberry. From some of these woods it has disappeared following clear felling; although the bilberry remains the insect evidently needs the woodland cover, and it is notable that it does not occur on bilberry on open heath- land. More recently, however, there has been evidence that the species is on the increase and it has appeared in several woods from which it was not previously recorded.
Both in Staffordshire and in South Wales there have been single occurrences in moth traps in places where there was no bilberry. — R. G. WARREN, Wood Rindings, 32 Whitmore Road, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 6AP.
45 THE DOTTED CHESTNUT: CONISTRA RUBIGINEA D. & S. (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE)
By BRIG. E. C. L. SIMSON*
On 9th April ’81 I went with a friend to try the heaths round Chobham (Surrey) for C. rubiginea. We arrived at the spot marked with a X on my friend’s map. It was just coming on dusk, but light enough for us to see that we were facing considerable opposition, because three men were engaged in extracting generators, mercury vapour lamps and stands, sheets, bags, nets and all the dread appara- tus of the expert moth-snatcher, from the boot of a car parked exactly on our X!
But now it was our X no more, and we were considering going off to search the heaths for a spot we might call Y, when my friend recognised one of the three entomologists as a person he had pre- viously met in a Hampshire wood, when both were after Tricho- pteryx polycommata D. & S. Credentials thus established, we made a plan by which the five of us would make a large circle out on the heath, among the scattered birch trees. My nearest neighbour was about 100 yards from me and had a set-up similar to my own. It was a warm night and soon moths began appearing on my sheet; nothing very wonderful came and I suppose a couple of Scarce Prominents, Odontosia carmelita Esp. were the most interesting. After about an hour my neighbour of 100 yards away put out his light and soon I saw him coming towards me with all his gear. As he got level he put down his generator and came across to me. He looked really happy and the reason lay in a box, which he held under my nose. There sat a beautiful rubiginea, which had been beastly enough to select his sheet instead of mine. M. V. light makes one look a bit green at normal times; now I must have looked emerald bright. The lucky captor said that he had a bad leg and that was his lot for the night. So off he went hobbling, but humming, into the darkness towards the cars.
I redoubled my efforts to turn, by magic, the wretched incerta, which visited me, into beautiful orange-hued moths with black spots. To no avail, and about mid-night, the air having turned cold, I packed up and returned to the cars. Shortly afterwards my friend and the remaining two turned up and I found that my friend had been no more successful than I, but that the others had got two rubiginea; one at sugar and another to light. So between five of us three rubiginea had been caught. I stared, wistfully, out over the black heath.
And now a very pleasant thing occurred for me. The three, to me, strangers, came up, held out a box in which sat a rubiginea, and told me to take it. They said they understood that this was my fourth unsuccessful visit to the locality over the years and that they had a certain female (the one taken at sugar). They were not sure, but felt the one they had given me was also a female, and wished me to have it. It was the one taken 100 yards from my light.
*“Pine Corner”, 4 Durnford Close, Chilbolton, Stockbridge, Hants. SO206 AP.
a a
46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
It was a charming gesture, and I was thrilled to accept. Thrilled as anyone would be who has sat on those “blasted heaths” round Chobham, spring after cold spring, hoping to box this elegant moth. So, with many expressions of gratitude, we said goodbye, and I drove home with my friend. I dropped him off at his house and he invited me in so that we could properly examine our trophy. My friend had taken quite a few male rubiginea in the past, but had never obtained a female from which to breed a series.
Now it is not easy to determine the sex of a live rubiginea, especially as a male, which has just had a good gorge at sugar, sallow, etc, can be very fat bodied. Equally, a female which has not eaten for some time, can be slim bodied. To me the antennae of the sexes appear indistinguishable. So you must imagine the two of us peering through magnifying glasses at our moth and not getting very far, especially as a bright light made it rather skittish. So we gave it a whiff of chloroform and probed even more deeply into the matter. My friend once thought he saw an ovipositer, but I said “‘wishful thinking”. So, as the moth came to, I put it back in the box and set off home, with my friend’s pleas not to kill it, at any cost, ringing in my ears. It was a new species for me and in pretty good nick. Doubtless he felt that if it grew restless and started to damage itself, my self control might vanish. To prevent this he had even promised me a specimen rubiginea from his own short series.
As soon as I was home I put the moth in a plastic box lined with tissues, and went to bed. Next morning I opened the box very care- fully and saw the moth asleep on the side tissue. I made up a solu- tion of honey and brown sugar in water, soaked up as much as a piece of cotton wool could hold, put it in a bottle-top as a container, and placed it in with the moth, which still slept. I looked in the box every morning and was pleased to see that the moth had not in any way injured itself by flying round and that it had been sucking at the honey, as shown by the fluid which it had passed onto the tissues. So the days passed and twice I caught the moth with its proboscis in the bottle top. If one can tame an insect, this was certainly tamed. It showed no fear at my opening the box; it never attempted to fly and on the tenth day I saw a few pure white eggs on the edge of a tissue. I rang my friend, who came over at once and, after careful search, found 14 eggs which he took home with him to hatch. I went on giving the moth fresh honey every other day and by the 19th day of her captivity she had laid 62 eggs, though she did not lay every day. She laid no more after and, on the 21st day, she died peacefully, still clinging to the tissues. As far as I know she never flew in the box and she remained a perfect specimen, fit for any collection, except for being rather pale — but then she had lived for 6 months. My friend took all the eggs for hatching, because we were going to feed the young larvae on apple, of which he had a plentifull supply in his garden.
52 larvae hatched by 6 May and my friend brought me 26, being my share; from these I obtained 24 perfect imagos. Bred rubiginea has to be seen to be believed: beautiful indeed. I remain truly grateful to the three generous entomologists I met that April night.
47 THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1980: A SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE
By R. F. BRETHERTON ! and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT 7
The following corrections and additions should be made to part I of the main report (in Ent. Rec. 93: 47-54):
Corrections to Annexe II
D. RAMBURIALIS: S. HANTS: this record should be dated 19.8 and initalled (RLH).
R. SACRARIA: SUSSEX. Worthing should be dated 29.9.
O. OBSTIPATA: for BERKS, substitute OXON (v.c.23)
A. CONVOLVULI: for WEXFORD, substitute W. CORK.
U. PULCHELLA: W. SUSSEX: delete (ASE) substitute (RTR)
N. AERUGULA: for (1), substitute (2)
H. PELTIGERA: for BERKS, substitute OXON (v.c.23)
Additions to Annexe I — Recorders and localities
It should be noted that in some cases insects have been reported by two or more recorders. In Annexe II the initials given are those of the recorder from whom the record was received first; but as far as possible the names of all have been included in Annexe I. It has not been generally possible to name the authors of all the records
which have been received through intermediaries.
Bellorby, Mr and Mrs C., West- morland
Blokland, T.J., co. Cork, Ireland
*Burton, J. F., Bristol
Clouter, F., Isle of Sheppey, E. Kent
*Dey, D., Sussex and Kent
*Dunn, T. C., co. Durham, in Vasculum 65: 61
*Ellis, E.A., mainly Norfolk
*Gent, C.J., Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Bull. am. ent. Soc. 40:84)
*Harewood, N. W., Cleveland, N.E. Yorks v.c.62 (Bull. am. ent. Soc. 40: 126 & pers. comm.)
*Haynes, R.F & Hillis, Dr. J. P., Ireland (/rish. Nat. J. 20: 296-298)
Howell, Mrs S. J., Hagley Wood, Sussex Jago, E. M. R., E. Kent *Kydd, D. W., Cumbria *McRitchie, B., Harlow, Essex *Page, B. W., Warwicks. (Bull. am. ent. Soc., 40:84) *Payne, K., Merseyside (Ent. Gaz. 32:64) *Pons, M. A. S., S. Lancs. Price, L., Stroud, Glos. *Read, R.W. J., W. Cumbria *Scott, R. E., wardens’ records from 42 R.S.P.B. reserves in
the United Kingdom Walley, P. F., Beachy Head, Sussex
*Welch, R. C., Isles of Mull, Coll, Skye
1 Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG
a a A as
48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD *Hobbs, R. N., Sussex; E. Kent *White, M. C., mainly Worksop
Hall, N. M., Portland, Dorset; district, Notts. Scilly
Howell, A. D., St Margarets Bay, E. Kent
Additions to Annexe II — Scarce Immigrant Species
DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. WESTMORLAND (v.c.69). Grange-over- Sands, 12.10, One seen flying in a garden (CB per DWK).
N. POLYCHLOROS. E. KENT. St Margaret’s Bay, 28.8., male (ADH).
R. SACRARIA. E. KENT. Dungeness, 7.8. (DCB).
O. OBSTIPATA. MID CORK. Ballymaloe, 8.8; Ballyhooley, 24.8. W. CORK. Castletown, 24.8. (RFH & JFH). DORSET. Portland, 28.9 (NMH). ORKNEY. Orphir, 27.8 (RIL).
A. CONVOLVULI. LOUTH. Dundalk, 6.10 (RFH & JPH). MON- MOUTH. Usk, 3.10 (GANH).
M. UNIPUNCTA. SCILLY IS. 17-24.9, with P. saucia, becoming common at sugar and ivy towards the end of the week (NMH).
H. ARMIGERA. E. KENT. Minster-in-Sheppey, 16.8, one at light (FC).
H. PELTIGERA. DORSET. Portland Bill, 6/7.6, two (NMH). N. GLOS. Kingscourt, Stroud, 13/14.6, one (LP).
Of these additions the record of D. plexippus in Westmorland is the only one of the year, and probably the first for that vice- county; and the specimen of NV. polychloros caught in Kent appears to be the first reported there since 1977.
Among the commoner species, most of the supplementary British records of V. atalanta reflect either its initial association on arrival with C. cardui or its unusually poor performance thereafter, though in Cumbria it had achieved rough equality in numbers with that species by September (DWK). There is also an interesting note of twelve seen flying south or south west at Hastings. E. Sussex, on September 20 (RNH). In Ireland, however, ¥. atalanta clearly enjoyed a very good year, with a total of 1,422 reported. Although arrivals in June were, as in Britain, fewer than those of C. cardui, it seems to have bred more successfully, being described as very abundant in August and September. It was also noted in very large numbers at Cape Clear Island, W. Cork on several dates in October (RFH & JPH). These may have represented south westerly move- ment of Irish bred butterflies, or further immigration which was not paralelled in Britain.
For C. crocea we have one additional record in June, at Hagley Wood, Sussex (SJH) and over a dozen for the late August and early September immigrants, ranging from Dorset and Anglesey to Cumbria, which raise the British total to about 80. In Ireland, where the June immigration was much stronger and extended as far north as Ulster, where there was probably some local breeding, the late August invasion was mainly to the south east and agreed
THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERATO THE B. ISLES IN 1980: 49
in date with the arrivals in Cornwall and movement up the west coast of Britain. In Ireland the recorded total, also about 80, was the highest since 1975. For M. stellatarum there are two additional records, from Bristol, June 15 (JFB) and Kendal (DWK) to add to what was in England a fairly good year; but the Irish total of six, between late May and early September 30, was not distinguished.
Several supplementary records of U. ferrugalis emphasised its abundance and ubiquity here, as in Ireland; but P. xylostella seems to have been much less common there.
Corrections to Annexe III — Cynthia cardui LANCASHIRE, N. Leighton Moss 31.8: for corrected dates and numbers, see below.
Additions to Annexe III
BEDFORDSHIRE. Sandy, 7/13.6, one present; 3.8/4.9, seen on 13 days, maximum 5 on 10.8; 8.10 (1); Sutton Fen, 5/8/4.9, seen on 5 days, one or two. (RES).
BERKSHIRE (v.c.22), Kennington, 7.9, one (JFB).
CAMBRIDGESHIRE (v.c. 29), Great Evenden, 7.6, one (EAE); Fowlmere, early 8, numerous; Ouse Washes, in first three weeks 8 (RES).
CHESHIRE. Gayton Sands, 8/13.6, July one, 14.8/4.9; Wirral, 13.8, many worn (MASP).
CUMBERLAND. St. Bees Head, large numbers arrived in June (RES); Corkickle and elsewhere 7.6 (4); Kirkland, 2.7, one on flowers of Hypocheris radicata, near Egremont, 9 and 10.8 (2); Nethertown and elsewhere 16/31.8 (14); Walbarrow Crag, 19.10, one (RWJR); Kendal, 1.6 (1), Solway Marshes 4.6., c.40/50 (DWK).
DERBYSHIRE. Buxton, 26.6, one (EAE).
DEVON S. Aylesbeare Common, 4.6/5.7 (3), 11/31.8, with maxi- mum of 8. (RES).
DORSET. St. Albans Head, 16.7 (2); Studland, 17.7 (1) (MCW).
DURHAM. Butterknowle, 28.6, one; Sunderland, 31.7, c.20 along a garden hedge, 1.8, dozens on cliffs; Quebec, 12.7, one; Chester- le-Street, 29.7.(2), 31.7 (1), 1/3.8 (20/40); 14.8, many; 8.9 (1): Waldridge Fell, 17.8 (1).
ESSEX S. Harlow, first seen 29.6, in late July and August many reports of singles and occasionally of two or three (BMcR).
GLOUCESTERSHIRE S. Nagshead, 12.6., 13.6, 18.6, 12.8, all singles (RES).
HAMPSHIRE S. Langstone Harbour, 13.6 (1), 23.8(2) (RES).
KENT E. Clowes Wood and elsewhere 10/23.8 (8); Rainham,
3/7.9 (3), Folkestone, 7.9 (1) (D.D.); Folkestone, 5/16.8 (7), 20/25.8 (22), 24.8, common, 25.8 (12), 1/8.9, still common, especially on knapweed; 3.10, one (EMW).
ISLE OF WIGHT. St. Catherine’s Point, 4.6., one off the sea
LANCASHIRE N. Leighton Moss, June, small influx (peak 3), very large influx from late July, with peaks 14.8 (58), 16.8 (138), then falling quickly in poor weather (RES).
50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
LANCASHIRE S. Ainsdale N. N. R., June, second week, large in- flux; in July larvae on isolated plants of Cirsium vulgare, but not on the dense patches of C. arvense; fresh adults appeared August, first week, and remained until mid-September; no larvae then seen, but a number of fresh adults in October, second week. (KP).
LINCOLNSHIRE N. Tetley Marsh, large numbers (RES).
NORFOLK W. Wells-on-Sea, 7.6.(1); Swaffham, 8.6 (1); Totting- stone, 7.6 (1) (EAE).
NORFOLK E. Beeston, near Sheringham and five other places, 10/16.6, all singly; Hoveton, 12.7, one; Hickling, 2.8, several (EAE).
NORTHUMBERLAND N. Black Law, c.1,000ft, near Wooler, 29.7, sudden appearance, groups of 3 to 5 flying south all day and through 30.7, 31.7, 1.8, after which thunderstorms checked observation, and later the butterflies had dispersed; Kyloe, 1.8, dozens seen (TCD)
NORTHUMBERLAND S. Coquet Is., 24.6 (1); 29.7, large influx (more than 30), decreasing until a few still present in mid 8. (RES); West Gosforth, 1.8 (1), 2.8 (10 on buddleia) (CJG/TCD).
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Worksop district, 6.6 (2), 8.6 (2); 30.7 (1), 1.8 (1), 10/16.8 (43), 19.9 (2) (MCW).
SOMERSET N. Failand, near Bristol, 11.6, one at hedgerow flowers (JFB).
SUFFOLK E. Halvergate Island, 2.6 (1), 28.6 (1), July (2), August first week, very abundant; Minsmere, 12.7/18 (5) (RES), 16.8 (2 fresh) (JFB); Wolves Wood, 1.8 (1), 2.8 (1); Felixstowe, 8.6 (1) (EAE).
SUFFOLK W. Lakenheath, 8.6 (12) (EAE).
SUSSEX E. Fore Wood, mid-June, on two days, mid August, one (RES); Hastings, 20.9 (1) (RNH).
SUSSEX W. Rogate, numerous mid September, especially 14.9 (JACG).
WARWICKSHIRE. Charlecote, 28.9, 4 larvae in separate tents on nettle — emerged 23/24.10 (BWP).
YORKSHIRE N. E. (v.c. 62). Cleveland. Saltburn and Redcar dunes, 3.6, later widespread inland and through industrial Teeside; mid 7, a few worn. later in large numbers (? emerging) to mid 8, then vanished, late 9, a few on Sedum. Larvae from newly hatched to fully fed from early 7 to 2.8, with 200 on dunes in three days; all those collected pupated by 10.8. Early 9 / early 10, c.600/700 larvae found and most collected, some producing adults while others were still feeding, and butterflies still emerg- ing in captivity 11.11. No Larvae were parasitized (NWH).
YORKSHIRE S. E. (v.c. 61), Bempton Cliffs, 7.6 first, odd singles in July, maximum 16.8 (10); Hornsea Mere, 24.6/21.9, maximum 30.7: largest immigration for many years; Blacktoft Sands, first late 7, 1/21.8 c.10 daily (RES).
YORKSHIRE MID. (v.c. 64). Bishopthorpe, 25.9 (MCW); Fairburn, 3.7. (1), 31.7/3.9 in good numbers (RES).
THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERATO THE B. ISLES IN 1980: Sil
Ireland ANTRIM. Rathlin Island, 5.6 (58), 15.6 (70), regularly later; Shanes Castle, 8.6 (1); 24.9 (2) (RES). CORK. Lemara, 7.8 (1), 10.8 (1) (TJB). For other Irish records, total 1,751, see RFH and JPH, /rish Nat. Jnl., 20: 296-298 Scotland
ABERDEENSHIRE N. Loch of Strathbeg, 5.6/8.9, maximum 31.7 (6). (RES).
ANGUS. Loch of Kinnordy. 11.6, 23.6, 7.7, singles; 31.7/2.8, up to 4 present; recorded in 8 at 3,200ft. (RES).
INNER HEBRIDES (v.c. 104), Skye, Glen Brittle, 14.6, Dunvegan Castle, on Armeria, Claigan Beach (2), Loch Bharcasaig, 17.6 (REW).
INVERNESS SHIRE E. Loch Garten, 12.6 (1), up to 2 on four days 8; Insh Marshes, 9/22.6, singles, 12/22.8, singles, 17.8 (3) (RES).
MULL and COLL (v.c. 103). Salen, Mull, 9.6 (1) (RCW).
PERTHSIRE W. Killiekrankie, influx from 6.6 on. (RES).
RENFREWSHIRE. Loch Winnoch, from 8.6, with up to 8 regularly in late 6, 7, 8 (RES).
SHETLAND. Loch of Spiggie, 22.6, 6.7, 31.7, 1.8, all singles; 2.8. (6), regularly until 16.8 (RES).
Wales
ANGLESEY. South Stack, 3.6/4.7, and again 7.8/11.10 (RES).
BRECONSHIRE. Gorse Bank, 26.6, with maximum 20.9 (6); other localities 26.6 onwards, at least 77 specimens, last Maescelyn, Brecon, 26.10 (PS-B).
DENBIGHSHIRE. Llanduno and Llandrillo, 3.8 (3) (MCW).
GLAMORGAN. Ynys-hir, first 3.6, up to 6 until 3.7; 10.8 (1); 4.9/15.10, again in numbers (RES).
MONTGOMERYSHIRE. Lake Vyrnwy, common in latter half of the summer (RES).
MONMOUTHSHIRE. Beaufort, 4.10, at 1,200ft (PS-B).
Our appeal for more information about C. cardui in 1980 pro- duced a wide response: a great many records came from collective recorders who have passed on information from several hundred observers whose names are too numerous to mention here. We are especially indebted to Mr. R. E. Scott for collecting and submitting notes from the wardens of some 40 reserves of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. We have also made use of the valuable analysis of C. cardui records in Ireland which was provided by Mr. R. F. Haynes and Dr. P. Hillis and later published in the Jrish Naturalist’s Journal, but is not reproduced in detail here. For infor- mation about larvae we are very grateful for the accounts of findings in Cleveland by Mr. N. W. Harewood and Mr. K. Payne, which have also been published elsewhere.
These additional records include some from 20 vice-counties not mentioned in our main report, but for the most part these
32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
confirm the impression that the spread of C. cardui was thin and limited in extent far inland and away from the main coastal arrival points, though spread from these along the coasts was fairly wide- spread. The strength and timing of the main invasions of the west coast of England in the first week of June, and of the north east coast of both England and Scotland in the last days of July, are abundantly confirmed; but the additional records also show that there were relatively weak influxes to East Anglia and further north at the same time, slightly in advance of the mass invasion of Fife and Aberdeen on June 5 and 6. These were apparently not linked by arrivals on the south English coast between south Devon and east Kent, and they may have had a separate continental origin. The extent, the timing, and indeed the existence of a third large invasion to the west of England in late August or early September, which we previously thought likely, remains uncertain. Further accounts of the finding of large numbers of larvae in the open again mention the presence of widely differing instars at the same times and places. This surely implies, where the larvae and pupae survived, the emer- gence of adults over a long period, and it is possible that even the large numbers of butterflies seen in various places from mid August onwards resulted from this rather than from fresh immigration. The few examples reported from the Isle of Sheppey and now from Folkestone in October may well have been grandchildren of the original June immigrants.
In Ireland the pattern was interestingly different. The whole eastern coast from Wexford to Antrim clearly shared in the swarms which visited western Britain in June: more than one third of the Irish annual total was recorded there then, but records in south western Ireland were very few. As might be expected, Ireland felt little or no effect from the eastern invasion of Britain of C. cardui at the end of July; the numerous records in the eastern Irish counties are attributed to successful local breeding from the June immi- grants. In October, however, Waterford scored 72, Cape Clear Island, Co. Cork 527, and Galway 54, thus equalling the total for June. This must surely represent a further major immigration from the south west, which was apparently not experienced at all in Britain.
LARVAE OF CAMPTOGRAMMA BILINEATA L.: YELLOW SHELL FEEDING ON CRUCIFERAE. — With reference to B. K. West’s note (Ent. Rec., 93: 198) on Camptogramma bilineata feeding on Car- damine flexuosa, | can add three more species of Cruciferae as larval foodplants. In the winter of 1979-80 I found a larva on Arabis caucasica, a common rock-garden plant, introduced from south-east Europe, and in the spring of 1980 one was found feeding on Aubretia deltoidea, another rock-garden plant, introduced from Greece. Both records are from my garden at Leicester, where a larva has also been found on Origanum majorana (Labiatae). The third record is of a larva found feeding on wild cabbage, Brassica oleracea, growing on the cliff-tops at Lighthouse Down, Dover, in the spring of 1981. All three larvae eventually produced moths. — DENIS F. OWEN, 6 Scraptoft Lane, Leicester.
THE EARLY STAGES OF PARORNIX FINITIMELLA 53 (ZELLERVAND 2 TOROQUIELELEA (ZELLER)
(LEPIDOPTERA:GRACILLARIIDAE)
By A.M. EMMET*
Parornix torquillella was placed on the British list in the same year as that in which it received its name in Germany (Stainton, 1850). Later Stainton (1864) gave a full and accurate account of its early stages. He described it as bivoltine flying in May and August, but with reservations, since he had taken the adult in July and adults from July larvae had not emerged until the following year. Morris (1872), Meyrick (1928) and Ford (1949) all treated the moth as bivoltine, ignoring Stainton’s uncertainty.
Parornix finitimella was named and described in the same paper as P. torquillella (Zeller, 1850). Although Stainton (1850; 1864) made reference to it, he did not include it as a British species. How- ever, he stated that he had reared an Ornix [Parornix| from sloe which was not P. torquillella (1864: 296). He tentatively deter- mined these moths as the Crataegus-feeding P. anglicella (Stainton), but added that they should possibly be referred to P. finitimella, a supposition we can now tell to have been correct. Neither he nor any other contemporary British entomologist followed up this hint and more than half a century was to pass before this common species was confirmed as occurring in this country.
When this happened, its recognition by Pierce (1917) was only a chance by-product of his work on the genitalia of the Geometridae. In this study he was helped by the Revd. C. R. N. Burrows who was vicar of Mucking, an Essex hamlet on the Thames estuary. Pierce used to stay with Burrows and the two entomologists were struck by the number of interesting microlepidoptera in the area. Burrows, however, was only a macrolepidopterist and could not determine them. Accordingly, Pierce suggested that Burrows should make a collection and send the moths to him for identification (Pierce, 1918). It was amongst this material that he found P. finitimella after dissection of the genitalia. The discovery did not arouse much interest because concern with the microlepidoptera had to a large extent lapsed in Britain. Few collectors checked their specimens and Meyrick (1928) was able to give only the counties of Essex and Durham for the occurrence of P. finitimella. No attempt was made to look at the early stages to see if there were any differences and for another fifty years no further thought was given to the sub- ject.
This was the situation I inherited in 1979 when A Field Guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera was written. My attempt to add useful information was disastrous, for I got it the wrong way round. I had recognised that there were two mine patterns, one of which seemed the more common. Understandably, in view of the history
*Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex.
54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD of the two species in Britain, I ascribed the commoner mine to P. torquillella.
It was not until 1980 that I began to make a serious study of the early stages of these moths for Volume 2 of The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. 1 wrote the draft text of the Gracillariinae in the winter of that year and devoted my field work in 1981 to checking and embellishing what I had written. Consequently the information which follows has been well digested.
As the result of my research, I found that the species were readily distinguishable in their early stages and that these differed in their timing. Dr. M. R. Shaw had written to me in 1979 suggesting that P. torquillella was univoltine and this was confirmed by my observations in 1980-1981. It appears to have a long emergence period extending from the end of May until July. Larvae do not appear until mid July and continue through August and September. The resulting adults do not emerge until the following year (cf. Stainton’s observations quoted above). It would be possible for the earliest moths to produce a generation which completes its cycle in the summer months but I have no evidence that this ever happens.
The larva of P. torquillella has two cloudy dark marks on its head, which are sometimes obsolete. Its body is pale yellowish green without contrasting pinacula, its prothoracic plate has the four black spots characteristic of the genus and the thoracic legs are concolorous with the body.
P. finitimella, on the other hand, is definitely bivoltine. Moths of the first generation fly in late April and May. Larvae are then found in June and July which produce a second generation of adults in July and August. Larvae occur again in September and October and give rise to the overwintering pupae.
The larva of P. finitimella is very different. It has four well- defined black marks on its head as well as the prothoracic plate. Its body is grey with conspicuous paler pinacula which are obso- lescent on the abdominal segments; it becomes much paler when full-grown, but still retains a hint of its grey colour. The thoracic legs are ringed black, appearing wholly black except under magnifi- cation.
There are no detectable differences in the mines in the sap- feeding phase (the first two instars). There are, however, distinctions in the third instar mine, when tissue-feeding begins after the change in mouth-parts and a spinneret has been developed. P. finitimella spins the lower cuticle more extensively, causing it to contract in a number of creases and draw the lower edges of the mine together; the lower cuticle becomes greenish grey, flecked darker. The mine is relatively long and narrow. P. torquillella, on the other hand, spins the lower cuticle lightly; the mine is only slightly arched and the cuticle has a single central crease and is white, at any rate in tenanted and newly vacated mines. The mine is relatively shorter and broader and is transparent when held up to the light. Because of the lighter spinning, the mine splits open more easily, and the old ruptured mines which are so much in evidence on blackthorn bushes in autumn are generally of this species. In my experience, fresh
EARLY STAGES OF P. FINITIMELLA AND P. TORQUILLELLA 55
mines are easily told apart, but the marks of distinction tend to become blurred with the passage of time and it may then be neces- sary to study the characters of a number of mines before being sure of the species. A complication is that in southern England both are abundant and mixed mines will almost always be found on the same bush.
With regard to distribution, P. torquillella has the wider range, extending to Scotland and Ireland. P. finitimella becomes scarce in northern England and Meyrick’s record from Co. Durham is still the most northerly; it has not been. reported from Scotland or Ireland. In the south one gets the impression that P. finitimella is the more plentiful, but this is probably because in autumn one sees two generations of its vacated mines as opposed to one of P. tor- quillella. When I was making records for Essex (Emmet, 1981), I had not mastered the differences and, as I admitted, I might have recorded P. finitimella as P. torquillella in some instances. I then recorded P. torquillella from 56 of the 57 10X10 km squares in the county but P. finitimella from only 9. In 1981 I have increased the number of squares for P. finitimella to 52 and confirmed P. tor- quillella in all of these. There is hardly a stand of blackthorn in the county in which I have not found both species, if I have had the chance to search at the right time of year. What is true for Essex probably holds for all other southern counties.
With the knowledge I now have, I would rewrite species 281 and 282 in the Field Guide as follows.
281 (1102) P. finitimella (Zell.)
0. 5-6; 8-9. On the under surface of a leaf of Prunus spinosa or P. domestica.
L. 6-7; 9-10. When young, in a gallery in the lower epidermis which leads into a small, Phyllonorycter-type blotch in which the lower cuticle turns greenish grey and is strongly contracted by internal spinning. Later feeds under the downwards-folded tip or edge of a leaf, making successively two or three such folds. Larva grey with paler pinacula; head with four black spots; thoracic legs ringed black.
P. 7-8;94. In an orange-yellow cocoon spun under a narrowly folded leaf-edge or in leaf-litter.
I. 4-5; 7-8. Comes to light.
282 (1103) P. torquillella (Zell.)
0. 6-8. On the under surface of a leaf of Prunus spinosa or P. domestica. Lk. 7-9: Mine differs from that of P. finitimella in being only
slightly contracted by internal spinning and having the lower cuticle white. Larva pale yellow-green with- out conspicuous pinacula; head with two darkish spots; legs yellow-green. Bi9-5. Similar to P. torquillella. 5-7: Has a long emergence period. Possessors of the Field Guide who do not have the interleaved edition may prefer to make less extensive changes. I suggest that the
56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
first priority is to alter the last word of the second line of the ”L” paragraph under P. finitimella from “less” to “more”, and the second to amend the timing of the stages of P. torquillella.
References
Emmet, A. M. (ed.), 1979. A field guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, 271 pp. London.
Emmet, A. M., 1981. The smaller moths of Essex, 158 pp. London.
Ford, L. T., 1949. A guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, 230 pp. London.
Meyrick, E., 1928. A revised handbook of the British Lepidoptera, 914 pp. London.
Morris, F. O., 1872. A natural history of British moths, 14. London.
Pierce, F. N., 1917. Occurrence in England of Parornix finitimella Z., a species of Gracilariadae new to the British list. Ento- mologist’s mon. Mag. 53: 9-10.
Pierce, F. N., 1918. The Lepidoptera of an Essex garden. Entomolo- gist’s Record. J. Var. 30: 81-86.
Stainton, H. T., 1850. On Ornix meleagripennella and its allies; a group of Lepidoptera, family Tineidae. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 1: 86-96.
Stainton, H. T. et al., 1864. The natural history of the Tineina, 8, vii, 315 pp., 8 col. pls. London.
Zeller, P. C., 1850. Verzeichniss der von Herrn Jos. Mann beobach- teten Toscanischen Microlepidoptera (Section 7). Stettin. ent. Ztg. 11:139-162.
PAPILIO MACHAON L. (SWALLOWTAIL) FLOURISHING IN A N. NORFOLK LOCALITY, 1981. — The present year having been a poorer one for butterflies (at least in my district, S. E. London) than I have experienced for very long, it is some small consolation to be able to report that one of our threatened species, P. machaon, was quite common in a small area of a privately-owned fen in North Norfolk. On a very warm afternoon, 22 June, these splendid crea- tures — apparently at the height of their season, being in mint condition — were disporting themselves in the open flowery fen, often swooping and perching on various blossoms (mostly purple composites), their wings maintained in tremulous motion whilst feeding in the manner peculiar to their kind, and presenting an unforgettable spectacle. It was possible to have 6, if not 7, in view at a time, their territory seeming to be concentrated by the apparent restriction of the foodplant, hogs’ fennel, to one spot in that part of the fen which we visited. The butterflies were not shy; in fact, one seemed bent upon trying to enter my net as I was stalking a fly, and had to be ‘shooed’ away! We learnt from the landowner that, so far as he knew, machaon has never been ‘put down’ there, but had been present from early times. — A. A. ALLEN.
THE WILDLIFE AND COUNTRYSIDE ACT, 1981
By ALAN E. STUBBS*
After false starts and a stormy passage through Parliament, new legislation affecting a wide range of countryside issues has been passed.
An item of particular concern to entomologists is the list of protected species. At earlier steps in the evolution of the new legis- lation there was consultation with the Entomological Societies, and in particular through the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects. However, the scope and nature of the draft legis- lation became greatly modified in its passage through Parliament. There are two major reasons for the changes in the list. Firstly, as an all embracing act there were no concessions to entomologists — thus, area listing and other conditions were swept aside to suit those interested in vertebrates. Secondly, it proved virtually impos- sible to influence events when neither of the Houses of Parliament has anyone with a knowledge of insects (the system depends on the right questions being asked).
There are now 19 species of invertebrates on the protected list. Discussion here will concentrate on the Lepidoptera since this will be the main concern of readers.
Large Blue (Maculinea arion). This was already protected under the Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act 1975. In September 1979 the Nature Conservancy Council issued a press notice saying that the butterfly was probably extinct in Great Britain. No sighting accepted as authentic has been received since that date, despite checking out various reports.
Heath Fritillary (Mellicta athalia). With some reservations, the Societies had earlier accepted the inclusion of this species. It has been undergoing steady decline in the South-West where it is now down to two sites. There are real fears that it could die out in this area. However, in January 1982 the Dutchy of Cornwall agreed to the removal of young confiers from its main site and NCC hopes to finance a study starting this summer. In Kent, the population level is erratic depending on the state of the coppice areas. Whilst num- bers can be large in a good year, colonies could easily be collected out during population lows.
Chequered Skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon) was last seen in England in 1975 and was intended for protection in England only. With the various delays in the legislation it is now questionable whether it will be refound. However, the Act gives national listing though its status in Scotland is not critical.
Swallowtail (Papilio machaon). This was sneaked on as a com- plete surprise, apparently because it is pretty and MP’s have heard of it. NCC had 20 minutes to reply at a time when no-one with a knowledge of the insect was available. The advice that would have
*Nature Conservancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London SWIX 8PY.
58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
been given was that this butterfly, though local, is largely holding its own in Norfolk and is in no imminent danger. It is not the sort of species which would easily be collected out (the prospect of a Yare barrage is a far greater threat). Some people hold the view that now this species is on the Act, it should stay there as a flag waver for gaining public interest in insect conservation. (On a similar short notice occasion NCC successfully advised against the Purple Em- peror being put on the Act.)
There are five moths on the Act. The Essex Emerald (Thetidia smaragdaria F.) was added to the 1975 Act in 1979 (see Ent. Rec., 91: 258-60) since it was down to a very small colony; there are rumours of a second colony but its status remains critical. The Bar- berry Carpet. (Pareulype berberata D. & S.) has only one small native site, as has the New Forest Burnet (Zygaena viciae D & S.) and the Reddish Buff (Acosmetia caliginosa Hbn.). The Black- veined moth (Siona lineata Scopoli) has few localities.
The protected species among other invertebrates are one dragon- fly (Aeshna isosceles), three Orthoptera (Decticus verrucivorous, Gryllus campestris and Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa), one leaf beetle (Chrysolina cerealis), two spiders (Eresus niger and Dolomedes plantarius ) and three snails (Monacha cartusiana, Myxas glutinosa and Catinella arenaria ).
All the above species are protected in England, Scotland and Wales, with provision for fines of up to £1000 per specimen taken or possessed illegally. It is illegal to disturb these species so netting a swallowtail to look at is against the law. Should anyone accidental- ly take a protected species, for instance a Reddish Buff moti in a light trap, then it should be released; if not recognised as such until dead and set, then it is best to inform NCC of the circumstances. Specimens obtained before 1982 are in the clear. It is however, illegal to trade or barter (or to advertise to do so) in these species or to receive specimens under these circumstances. It is possible to give away prior breeding stock or old specimens providing this is genuine- ly free rather than barter.
The Nature Conservancy Council does not wish to see long lists of species on this sort of Act anymore than entomologists do. Apart from the administrative implications, there is no point invoking the cumbersome arm of the law against collecting unless there is a real concern that collecting will endanger the survival of a species. In future it will be NCC who has prime responsibility for the listing on species. Such legislation emanating from Parliament is not directed at tripping up the responsible entomologist, it is there as a long stop against people who behave selfishly and irresponsibly towards en- dangered species.
Entomologists will share the view that conservation of habitats is the most important measure required. Here the Act has very sub- stantially increased the safeguard for Sites of Special Scientific Interest, indeed NCC is now in a position to have a substantial say in how sites should be managed and, specifically, how they should not be managed. It is now imperative that the important entomological sites are given proper protection and that the most
THE WILDLIFE AND COUNTRYSIDE ACT, 1981 sys
damaging types of management are avoided. The Invertebrate Site Register organised by NCC is timely in these respects and it is hoped that entomologists will take full opportunity to see that their interests are taken into account.
THE USE OF THE TERM ‘POCK-MARK’ IN ENTOMOLOGY. — Coleophorid leaf-mining larvae make a small entrance hole in the cuticle, the case being fixed at its orifice to the edge of the hole, so that the larva can fully extend itself to feed on the parenchyma without having entirely to quit the safety of its case. The larva then detaches its case and moves elsewhere, leaving behind a con- spicuous blanched portion of leaf where it has fed and the tell-tale circular hole so familiar to microlepidopterists. In appearance, this hole resembles in miniature a pit or scar left by a pock, and so ‘pock-mark’ is suggested as a suitable term for this characteristic and well-known feature among the Coleophoridae. — J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT.
COLEOPHORA PARIPENNELLA ZELLER — A NEW FOODPLANT. — A single larval case of what appeared to be Coleophora paripennella was found on 9th June 1981 feeding on Cirsium arvense on a wide verge adjacent to the A 299 Thanet Way at Whitstable, Kent. The larva fed for about a week on Cirsium and the moth emerged on 14th. July 1981, which Dr. J. D. Bradley very kindly confirmed as C. paripennella. Other micro-lepidopterists are believed to have recorded this species from Cirsium but I can find no published reference. — N. F. HEAL, Fosters, Detling Hill, Nr. Maidstone, Kent.
CARPOPHILUS SEXPUSTULATUS (FABR.) (COL.: NITIDULIDAE ) IN SURREY WITH A NOTE ON ITS HABITS IN BRITAIN. — Amongst beetles revealed by removing the loose bark of a large oak log on 17.iii.1981 in Richmond Park (TQ 1871) was a single example of this species. This would appear to be a new record for the vice- county of Surrey.
In a report for the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology entitled “A Bibliograph of the occurrence of Certain Woodland Coleoptera” by Paul T. Harding (1978), Carpophilus sexpustulatus is referred to grade 3 (“indicator of Old Forest in certain circumstances”). This is borne out by the present finding, seeing as Richmond Park has existed for some considerable time.
Occasionally found in stored products, the beetle is found in normal circumstances under the bark of logs — usually those of oak, but also beech, hornbeam, spruce, pine etc. However it seems that the adult will visit carrion (vide Ent. Mo. Mag. xviii. 1907, p.82). Most captures stem from the period January to June. The pub- lished records of which I am aware give rise to the following list of vice-counties — all in England: 8, 15, 16, 25, 31, 56, 63, 64.
I thank Messrs A. A. Allen, P. M. Hammond and P. T. Ham- mond and P. T. Harding for their comments. — D. PRANCE, 23 Brunswick Road, Kingston Hill, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey.
60 THE DIPTERA (CALYPTRATAE) OF THE SANDWELL VALLEY, WEST BROMWICH.
By M. G. BLOXHAM*
(Concluded from Volume 94, page 31) Calliphoridae
The Calliphoridae provide interesting records, three species of limited distribution occuring, these being Bellardia unxia, the least common representative of an otherwise abundant genus, Pollenia varia, of which only a single specimen has been taken, and Cal- liphora subalpina which occurs in some numbers in most woodland in the valley. The latter species is not only considered an uncommon insect but also an unlikely capture in this area according to present knowledge of its distribution (Van Emden 1954). Of the other species, Cvnomyia mortuorum has been recorded during most sum- mer months on one particular site but it has never been numerous, Phormia terraenovae also falling into this category. The remaining flies of this family are usually abundant throughout the year.
Scathophagidae
Although certain flies of this family are very numerous, the number of species occurring is not great. The four flies of the genus Scathophaga are all common on most sites, several other diptera including the bluebottle Calliphora vicina and the crane fly Limonia tripunctata having been recorded as the prey of S. stercoraria. Norellisoma spinimanum is often abundant in gardens and at margins of streams. Of the other genera, Nanna fasciata is common in many damp places during spring and early summer, Juncus species often being very good indicators of likely sites for this fly, while Carex beds at the margins of the larger pools house good populations of Cordilura impudica and C. pudica. Cleigastra apicalis is distributed even more widely in similar situations, on one occasion a specimen being taken with the tipulid Erioptera griseipennis as prey.
Anthomyiidae
At present there is no R.E.S. handbook for identification of Anthomyiidae and anyone undertaking this task has to rely to a fairly large extent on continental works, as English papers deal with a few genera only. It is therefore probable that the family is still unfamiliar to many dipterists and for this reason, a certain amount of general information on most of the species recorded is included here.
One of the features that makes the family a difficult one to study is that species, even in different genera, are so very similar in the field. This usually means that it is necessary to make ex-
*1 St. Johns Close, Sandwell Valley, West Bromwich, W. Midlands.
THE DIPTERA OF THE SANDWELL VALLEY, W. BROMWICH 61
tensive captures and carry out a microscopic examination of every insect to ensure that species are not overlooked. An additional complication is encountered in that females are often difficult, if not impossible, to identify with certainty and in most cases only careful examination of the genitalia of the males enables the flies to be identified correctly. The species list given for the valley is, therefore, with two exceptions (Leucophora grisella and Eustalomyia festiva) based on the examination of males.
Of the genus Chirosia, three species have been recorded: C. albitarsis and C. parvicornis having been taken on bracken, the larvae mining the leaf of that plant accoring to Collin (1955). His observations suggesting the probability of a flight period limited to May and June for parvicornis also seem to be corroborated, as the fly was not seen in the locality after the first week in June. The final species recorded, C. flavipennis, also occured in the vicinity of bracken, although no direct association with the plant seemed evident.
Many Pegohylemyia species do not seem to be confined to a particular habitat, P. fugax being one of the most abundant and widely distributed flies in the locality. The same comments apply to flies of the genus Lasiomma, the two species recorded often being found basking on fences during spring and early summer.
The five species of Hydrophoria have all been taken in wood- land, H. annulata and H. caudata having been discovered in very shaded situations, the others in open glades or at the margin.
Of the very common anthomyid species, Craspedochoeta pullula and Anthomyia imbrida are good examples. Both are found in nearly every situation although C. pullula does not seem to favour shade as much as A. imbrida. Also encountered in numbers during spring and early summer are Phorbia securis and sepia, which
may often be seen basking on fences.
The genus Leucophora, like Sarcophagidae associated with Hymenoptera, is well represented and four species are recorded. The closely similar ZL. obtusa and L. personata are abroad fairly early in the year in the vicinity of bare ground such as paths and stone heaps, often being present in some numbers. L. cinerea and L. grisella occur rather later and are apparently more selective in their chosen sites, isoliated specimens have so far been discovered only in the vicinity of natural sand pits occurring as a consequence of the weathering of breccias. On the sites mentioned, hymenop- terous activity was usually evident, but no attempt was made to determine species present or study any possible associations between the wasps and flies.
Smith (1971) gives information on the occurrence and distribu- tion of Eustalomyia species associated with solitary wasps nesting in dead wood and Chandler (1976) also comments on the occurrence of these flies. There seems to be agreement that the species are uncommon in Britain except in certain localities. Observations of E. festiva and E. histrio in the valley indicate a distinct preference for ancient woodlands, as the insects are only found in one such
62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
area of about 20 acres, being particularly associated with ash trees, on which both species have been taken while basking. Wooden posts and rails nearby were also popular for this purpose. Although the flies have a long flight period in the valley, they never occur in numbers and it is interesting to note that while males of E. histrio have been taken, no male of E. festiva has yet been captured, an experience also recorded by Chandler (op.cit. ).
Of the Delia species, four seem to be abundant, but D. lamel- liseta has been taken only once on open meadow land and the solitary D. criniventris specimen was netted at the border of a marshy pond in woodland. Of the genus Hylemya, all three species seem common in woodland and scrub areas throughout the valley, H. strenua also occurring in gardens.
Some flies of certain calypterate genera notably Melanomya (Rhinophoridae), Hebecnema and Spilogona (Muscidae), are con- spicuous in the field by virtue of their strongly blackened wings and males of the anthomyid genus Heterostylodes also exhibit this feature. H. pratensis was taken at the margin of a wood where it was nearly overlooked owing to its similarity to flies of the other genera mentioned.
While Paregle radicum can stake a good claim to be the most abundant and widely distributed Anthomyid in the locality, P. cinerella has been recorded only once, a specimen being discovered on a paddock fence post. The well know association of certain flies of the genus Egle with Salix species is confirmed, the three species all having been taken in early spring on Salix caprea catkins, E. muscaria having also been captures in a number of other situa- tions. Nupedia infirma apparently has a very long flight period and has been found on wooden railings during most of the summer months. It has been recorded as the prey of Dioctria baumhaueri on two occasions. In early and late summer, Pseudonupedia inter- secta often occurs in numbers in such places. The same cannot be said of Emmesomyia villica which seems not only to have a limited flight period, but also to be a scarce species. Two males were cap- tured on hawthorn on consecutive dates, but visits to the same area on a number of other days throughout the year failed to reveal any more specimens and none were found elsewhere.
Among the larger anthomyids found in the woodlands is Pego- myza praepotens, which is to be seen on tree trunks and low vege- tation during June and July. According to Chandler (personal ee ) this species is probably one of the rarer flies of the
amily.
In concluding, it is surprising that more species of the genus Pegomya have not yet been found. Of the two species so far found, P. nigritarsis is by far the most common.
Fanniidae
Fanniidae discovered include species that are often extremely numerous in the valley. Fannia canicularis, F. scalaris, F. monilis, F. postica and F. coracina have been regularly found in my garden, the latter species having also been bred out, together with F. vesparia
THE DIPTERA OF THE SANDWELL VALLEY, W. BROMWICH 63
from a nest of Vespula vulgaris (L) found locally. Many of the other species seem to be extremely common at the margins of woodland whole F. hamata is often found in more shaded localities where it is one of the most accomplished ‘hoverers’. The rarer species of the genus Fannia have not so far occurred during the survey, the only exception being F. aequilineata, which was bred out from detritus found in the hollowed stump of a horse chestnut. Fonseca (1968) recommends breeding experiments as a method most likely to provide the rarer species of the seu and this record would appear to bear this out.
Muscidae
Perhaps the most notable feature of the muscid records is the presence of so many common species. Very few unusual ones occur and, save for Alloeostylus sudeticus, a predominantly northern fly with a single southern record (Somerset — Hinton Charterhouse), they do not appear to have any special distributional significance. Of the less frequently encountered species, Achanthiptera rohrel- liformis has been bred out from a nest of Vespula vulgaris, but has only twice been discovered in the field. Phaonia vittifera and Lop- hosceles mutatus, flies with a scattered distribution over the British Isles also occur, while Hydrotaea parva has been found on Carex species at the margin of a pond. Of the genus Mydaea, five species are found in woodland, the scarce M. ancilla being not infrequent. A Staffordshire record for the uncommon Graphomyia picta (Madeley), is given in the transactions of the North Staffordshire Field Club (op. cit.). The fly is not infrequent on Carex species in marshy areas of the valley.
Conclusions.
In general, is seems probable that the Sandwell Valley, West Bromwich, houses a rich fauna of Diptera Calyptratae and that the list given is by no means complete. As yet, no species belonging to the families Oestridae and Gasterophilidae has been found. This may well be a consequence of the gradual loss of farmland, for although horses for recreational purposes are present in some num- bers, the varied livestock that might have supported several species of these specialised flies in the past has almost disappeared. No records exist for Hippoboscidae or Nycteribiidae, but the simple traditional collecting techniques used here were hardly designed to make such captures and co-operation with specialists in other orders will probably yield specimens of these flies in due course. The Diptera collected possess a wide range of different life histories and generally confirm much of the present distribution data as given in the R.E.S. handbooks. Explanations as to why certain sub- families are so poorly represented will have to wait until the re- maining fauna and flora of the area have been more fully investi- gated when the overall picture of insect interrelationships in the district may be more complete.
64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
Acknowledgements
I should like to thank Mr. P. Chandler for his assistance during preparation of the manuscript and for help in identification of various specimens. Thanks are also due to Mr. E.C.M. D’Assis- Fonseca for much valuable information and advice on An- thomyiidae
References
Ackland, D. M. 1969. Notes on the Palaearctic species of Egle R-D (Dipt-Anthomyiidae) with Descriptions of Two New Species. Ent. Mon. Mag. 105, P. 185-192.
Brindle, A. et al. The Insects of the Malham Tarn Area. Proc. Leeds Phil. & Lit. Soc. Vol. IX (2) p. 76-90.
Britten, H. 1952. Diptera of Staffordshire. Part 2. Edited by J. Edwards. Transactions of the North Staffs Field Club p. 44-58.
Brown, E. 1863. The Natural History of Tutbury. p.210-23.
Chandler, P. J. 1976. Notes on some Uncommon Calypterate Flies (Diptera) Observed During Recent Years. Ent. Rec. 88: 14-19.
Collin, J. E. 1920. A Contribution Towards the Knowledge of the Anthomyid Genera Hammomyia and Hylephila of Rondani (Diptera). Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1920: 305-26.
Collin, J. E. 1955. Genera and species of Anthomyiidae allied to Chirosia. Proc, Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. series B23 (5-6): 95-1Q2.
Collin, J. E. 1958. AShort Synopsis of the British Scathophagidae (Diptera). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 13 (3) 37-56.
Day, C. D. 1948. British Tachinid Flies. Arbroath 150pp.
Emden, F. I. van 1954. Tachinidae & Calliphoridae in Handbook Ident. Br. Insects 10(4a) : 133.
Fonseca, E. C. M. D’Assis. 1956. A Review of the British Sub- families and Genera of the Family Muscidae (Diptera). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 12: 113-128.
Fonseca, E. C. M. D’Assis. 1968. Muscidae in Handbook Ident. Br. Insects, Vol. X 4(6): 1-119.
Hennig, W. 1976. In LINDNER ‘Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region’. 63a — ‘Anthomyiidae’ p. 1-707.
Kloet, G. S. & Hincks, W. D. 1976. A Check List of British Insects. second edition (completely revised). Part 5. Diptera and Sip- honaptera. Royal Ent. Soc. Lond. 139pp.
Ringdahl, O. 1952. A Survey of the Swedish species of Hydrophoria and Acroptena. J. Soc. Brit. Ent. 4(4): 75-83.
Smith, K. G. V. 1971. Eustalomyia hilaris Fallen (Dipt. Anthomyi- idae) Confirmed as British with Notes on other species of the Genus. Ent. Gaz. 22 : 55-60.
Stubbs, A.E. et al. 1977. The British Insect Fauna in ‘Antenna’, (Bull. Royal Ent. Soc. Lond.). 1 (1) : 23 - 27.
Sutton, S. 1972. Woodlice. Ginn & Company. p 58-60.
A NEW COUNTY RECORD FOR CORNWALL, 2
WITH OBSERVATIONS ON OTHER NOTABLE MACROLEPIDOPTERA IN THE COUNTY
By M. HADLEY *
I was fortunate enough, in the company of Mr Mark Parsons to spend two weeks (24 August — 5 September 1981) on vacation in Cornwall. We enjoyed the best of the summer of 1981 with a spell of fine uninterrupted weather which brought to light some species of note to the county.
Ipimorpha retusa Linn., a new county record. This species was found by M. Parsons and J. Gregory at Breney Heath near Bodmin on the 26th August, a single specimen being captured. A follow up visit to the site on the 29th produced another five specimens though most were released due to damage. I would think it likely that this species could be found at other similar sites in the county where Salix carr has invaded old mine-workings.
Tholera cespitis D. & S., stated by the Victoria County History to be scarce and local. T. cespitis has been recorded from only the following localities, Falmouth (1905), Tresco on Scilly (1925), Redruth district (1943-58), Perranporth (recently), Coverack (1976), St. Agnes (1969) and Mullion Cove (1977). Bearing in mind the paucity of records for this species we add the following localities: — Polruan (1) 28.8.81, Porkellis Moor, Wendron (several) 27.8.81 and Breney Heath, Bodmin (1) 29.8.81.
Lithosia quadra Linn. There exists a general body of opinion that this species is now resident on the coast, the VCH recording quadra as ‘widely distributed but local’. E. H. Wild et al. (1973, Ent. Rec. 85: 275-9) records the species from Menabilly as very common, with a nightly average of forty individuals, the best total recorded being seventy-two in one night. I was not therefore sur- prised to record five quadra at light at Polruan, just a few miles from Menabilly, four on the 28 August and one taken on the 1 September.
Pterapherapteryx sexalata Retzius seems from its recorded history to be a very elusive insect in the county with only three localities cited by R. Heckford. The VCH states a specimen was taken in 1905 close to Liskeard, F. Smith records the species from Perranporth (1962 and 1967), and John Gregory from Par (1978). The species was recordéd from Breney Heath on 26.8.81 and 29.8.81.
Other species of note observed during the holiday were Anarta myrtilli Linn., recorded from Porkellis Moor, the larvae being swept from the top of heather on the 27 August, Eupithecia phoeniciata Rambur., taken twice at Polruan and suspected of breeding locally; specimens were taken on 26.8.81 and 2.9.81. The rather rare and local Stilbia anomala Haworth, and Xestia castanea Esp., were also recorded from Breney on 29.8.81.
*Nature Conservancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PY.
66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Acknowledgements
I should like to thank Mrs S Turk of the University of Exeter; Cornish Biological Records Centre for access to considerable amounts of data on Cornish Lepidoptera and equal quantities of hospitality.
My thanks are also due to Dr F Smith who gave me helpful advice, and to R Heckford who made available written notes on several of the species noted in this article and from which I have freely drawn information.
I also take this opportunity of acknowledging the financial support from the Nature Conservancy Council in making these trips possible.
THE SCARCE MERVEILLE-DU-JOUR: MOMA ALPIUM OSBECK AT ORLESTONE FOREST. — On 30 June 1981, I visited the Kent Trust Reserve (compartment 11) in Longrope Wood to discuss future management of the reserve with the Conservation Officer and two other members of the Trust. When we stopped in the mid- dle of this block of oak woodland I just happened to look at the trunk of the oak tree next to me, and there, just above eye-height, was a freshly emerged Moma alpium. After admiring it, we made a point of having a good look at the trunk of every oak we passed after that, but found no more moths. I was, however, able to find the original moth again that evening to take some photographs of it; not easy at 6 feet up a tree trunk! No alpina appeared at two mv lights or a couple of dozen sugar patches in the wood that night, not even the one we knew was there, which had dropped like a stone into the undergrowth when I disturbed it, in an attempt to get it into a better position for photographing it. I see from the Forestry Commission permit holders’ records that Messrs. R. F. Eley and R. Fairclough recorded this species at Orlestone in 1979. — M. ENFIELD, New Cottage, Warren Farm, Boughton Aluph, Ashford, Kent.
COLEOPHORA POTENTILLAE ELISHA (LEP.: COLEOPHORIDAE) — SOME OBSERVATIONS. — Having collected a number of cases of what I had assumed to be Coleophora violacea Strom from birch in Havant Thicket, Hampshire, in the autumn of 1980, I was not a little astonished to find that the moths which emerged in May 1981 were practically all C. potentillae, only one of them being violacea. In October 1981 Col. D. H. Sterling and Mr. P. H. Sterling, collecting in the same locality, noted that cases of potentillae were particularly common on Potentilla erecta, and also feeding on Betula and Salix atrocinerea seedlings growing among the Potentilla. I think this is the first record of potentillae found on a foodplant other than Rosacae.
In September 1981 Messrs. E. C. Pelham-Clinton, R. J. Heck- ford and I were collecting near Crackington Haven in Cornwall, and found potentillae to be extremely abundant. The cases were most common on Prunus spinosa, but also found on Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus and Potentilla erecta. — J. R. LANGMAID, 38, Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Hants.
WHAT AILS ADONIS? oi
A. C. MORTON*
In common with several other species, the Adonis Blue butterfly Lysandra bellargus Rott. has experienced a decline in recent years. Ecological studies which are in progress (Dr. Jeremy Thomas, personal communication) may suggest reasons for this decline and, hopefully, allow effective conservation measures to be taken. As part of a wider conservation effort (Morton, in press Biological Conservation) L. bellargus has also featured in laboratory studies. In 1981, these studies suggested a fascinating aspect of the ecology of L. bellargus which deserves further investigation.
Lysandra bellargus and L. coridon Poda are often cited as examples of insects whose distributions are limited by that of their larval foodplant. However, both species may be absent from sites where this plant, Hippocrepis comosa L., is quite abundant. More- over, although some sites support sizeable populations of both species, L. bellargus is frequently absent from sites which are suit- able for L. coridon. Although this may be as a result of competitive exclusion, there are no data with which to support this view. Perhaps a more likely explanation is that L. coridon has ecological require- ments which are more easily met than those of L. bellargus.
Both bellargus and coridon may be reared on artificial diets (Morton, 1981). During 1981 a group of bellargus larvae failed on one particular batch of diet, although this same batch was accepted by coridon. It was noted that this batch contained Hippocrepis leaf powder, from plants collected at a site which supports only coridon. Could it be that the diet failed because it contained plant material which was toxic to bellargus? Based on this chance observation, I would like to suggest the following hypothesis, which will be tested experimentally in 1982.
Many legumes are cyanogenic and there is direct evidence that cyanogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L. and Trifolium repens L. does have a protective function against herbivores, especially snails and slugs (Jones, 1962; Ellis et al., 1977a, 1977c). The chemistry of cyanogenesis is reasonably well understood (Conn, 1973; Seigler, 1975) and the genetic basis of the character in the two plants men- tioned above has been discussed by Nass (1972) and by Jones (1977). Moreover, phenotypic expression of cyanogenesis may depend on temperature in some individuals (Ellis e¢ al., 1977b). Reduced expression of the cyanoglucoside under cold conditions would not be deleterious since molluscs are notably inactive at low tempera- tures (Crawford-Sidebotham, 1972). However, in the absence of selective grazing the cyanogenic forms are probably at a disadvantage to the acyanogenic plants, due to their increased metabolic demands.
Compared to molluscs, lycaenid larvae are probably fairly in- significant herbivores. By fortunate mutation some, such as Polyom- matus icarus Rott., synthesize the enzyme rhodanese (Parsons &
* Department of Biology, Building 44, The University, Southampton, SO9 SNH.
68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
Rothschild, 1964) and can detoxify the foodplant. By doing so, they are able to exploit a food resource which is not accessible to animals lacking rhodanese, and thus experience reduced com- petition.
Given the above facts, one only has to assume that (a) Hippo- crepis comosa is like other legumes and is polymorphic for cyano- genesis, (b) coridon larvae possess rhodanese and can detoxify these plants, and (c) bellargus larvae lack this enzyme, to produce a plau- sible hypothesis for bellargus having a more restricted range than coridon. Thus, coridon can exist on sites where the plants are toxic or non-toxic, whereas bellargus would be restricted to the latter.
In the absence of experimental tests of this hypothesis, we can only judge its plausibility by testing its predictions against field observations. In addition to the basic differences in distribution, there are some other predictions:
1) Production of rhodanese would be metabolically expensive so coridon should have a longer larval stage than bellargus due to reduced feeding efficiency.
2) coridon adults dispersing from their home sites are likely to have equal reproductive success whether the new sites they reach have toxic or non-toxic plants. For bellargus, however, such new sites may be unsuitable since most plants may be cyanogenic. We would therefore expect cori- don to have higher dispersal rates than bellargus.
3) Maximum expression of cyanogenic phenotype might be expected between April and June, the period of maximum grazing by molluscs. L. bellargus would be able to exploit ‘cyanogenic’ plants by avoiding this time; i. feeding before April and after June. However, coridon may have to partly compensate for a longer larval stage by feeding at higher temperatures.
While these phenomena may be explained in many other ways, it is at least of some interest that the field observations are not contrary to the independent predictions of the hypothesis. However, even if the basic idea proves sound, the true situation is likely to be more complicated. For example, bellargus may possess rhodanese but a form of the enzyme which is effective only at different tem- peratures from the form which may be found in coridon. Or the effect may be due to an entirely different complex of toxic plant materials.
If readers agree that the idea is plausible, they could provide valuable assistance with the experiments this season. Initially, there is a need to screen plants in coridon and bellargus sites for produc- tion of cyanide. If anyone would be prepared to provide samples of plants for analysis, I would be most grateful if they would contact me.
References
Conn, E. E., 1973. Biosynthesis of cyanogenic glycosides. Biochem. Soc. Symp., 38. 277-302.
WHAT AILS ADONIS? 69
Crawford-Sidebotham, T. J., 1972. The role of slugs and snails in the maintenance of the cyanogenesis polymorphisms of Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium repens. Heredity, 28, 405-411.
Ellis, W. M., Keymer, R. J. & Jones, D. A., 1977a. The defensive function of cyanogenesis in natural populations. Experientia, 33, 309-311.
Ellis, W. M., Keymer, R. J. & Jones, D. A., 1977b. The effect of temperature on the polymorphism of cyanogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L. Heredity, 38, 339-347.
Ellis, W. M., Keymer, R. J. & Jones, D. A., 1977c. On the poly- morphism of cyanogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L. VIII Ecolo- gical studies in Anglesey. Heredity , 39, 45-65.
Jones, D. A., 1962. Selective eating of the acyanogenic form of the plant Lotus corniculatus L. by various animals. Nature, 193, 1109-1110.
Jones, D. A., 1977. On polymorphism of cyanogenesis in Lotus cornicuatus L. VII The distribution of the cyanogenic form in Western Europe. Heredity , 39, 2744.
Morton, A. C., 1981. Rearing butterflies on artificial diets. J. Res. hep AS. 221-227.
Morton, A. C. (in press) Butterfly conservation — The need fora Captive Breeding Institute. Biol. Conserv.
Nass, H. G., 1972. Cyanogenesis: Its inheritance in Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum sudanese, Lotus and Trifolium repens — A review. Crop Science, 12, 503-506.
Parsons, J. & Rothschild, M., 1964. Rhodanese in the larva and pupa of the common blue butterfly (Polyommatus icarus (Rott.)) (Lepidoptera). Ent. Gaz., 15, 58
Seigler, D. S., 1975. Isolation and characterization of naturally occurring cyanogenic compounds. Phytochemistry, 14, 9-29.
THE DINGY SKIPPER: ERYNNIS TAGES L. AB. RADIATA BROWN IN DORSET. — Onthe 17th June 1979, at my school, Milton Abbey, Dorset, I took a short series of F. tages, one of which was a variety, although I did not know its name. However, in December 1981, Mr. John Swiner kindly lent me some back issues of the Record to browse through. In the October 1970 issue, plate XV, p.253, there is a photograph and description by A. D. R. Brown of EF. tages ab. radiata. | instantly recognised this specimen as being almost identical to my own which is ¢, and although a little worn is still very distinctive. Mr. Brown (loc. cit.) states that he knows of the existance of only two ab. radiata (his own included), so it is pleasing to be able to record a third example. — R. D. G. BARRING- TON, Old College Arms, Stour Row, near Shaftesbury, Dorset SP7 OQF.
CORRECTIONS. — In vol. 93, p. 197, line 5 up, for monsticta read monosticta; line 3 up, for discupuncta read discipuncta, for Area read Aroa; line 2 up, for Nemerophanes read Hemerophanes, for N. enos read H. enos. — D. G. SEVASTOPULO.
70 THREE SPECIES OF LEUCOPIS MEIGEN (DIPTERA:
CHAMAEMYIIDAE) NEW TO BRITAIN By Dr. I. F.G. McLEAN*
The Chamaemyiidae is a family of acalyptrate Diptera with 25 species recorded from Britain (Kloet and Hinks, 1976), whose known larvae are predators of Homoptera. Typically, the adults are small (less than 4 mm long) with distinctive silver-grey dusted bodies, and many species have paired black spots on the abdominal tergites. The adults may be collected by sweeping plants infested with their larval prey, or by rearing from larvae found in association with aphids, adelgids or scale insects (McLean, 1978). Keys to the British species are given by Smith (1963) and Collin (1966). Recent collecting by the author and examination of museum collections has resulted in the discovery of additional species in the genus Leucopis Meigen, three of which are dealt with here. Revised keys are not given at this time pending the addition of further species, but consulting the references cited will enable these three species to be identified with the exception of Leucopis geniculata, for which distinguishing characters are given in the text.
Leucopis (Leucopis) argenticollis Zetterstedt. The identity of this species has been established by McAlpine and Tanasijtshuk (1972), who give a detailed description with figures of both sexes. They record the larvae as being predators of Adelgidae (Conifer Woolly Aphids), especially of Pineus species on Pines.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: SUFFOLK, Wangford Warren (SNT reserve) 20. VIII. 1977, 192 swept from Pinus sylvestris L. leg. I. F. G. McLean (lacks antennae).
Leucopis geniculata Zetterstedt. I am indebted to Dr. J. F. McAlpine (Ottawa) for kindly identifying a British pair (from East Wretham) of this species, and for giving me a copy of his notes on the holotype female in the Zetterstedt collection, University Zoological Museum, Lund, Sweden, which he made in April 1966. This species may be separated from other British Leucopis which possess a pair of strong pre-scutellar acrostichals by the broad frons (about half total head width) and usually by the presence of 4-6 outstanding postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Leucopis (Lipoleu- copis) preacox de Meijere also has these characters, but in this species the costa ends at vein Ry 4 5 while in L. geniculata it con- tinues to vein Mj 4 3. L. geniculata also lacks a proscutellum (see McAlpine, 1960) and all these similarities, ‘together with simi- larities in the structure of the male genitalia seem to indicate a close relationship to L. praecox. However, the subgeneric position of L. geniculata has not yet been definitely established. It is pro- bably a larval predator of Adelgidae as adults have been swept from foliage of Pinus sylvestris infested with Pineus pini Macquart.
*Nature Conservancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PY.
THREE SPECIES OF LEUCOPIS MEIGEN NEW TO BRITAIN iil
MATERIAL EXAMINED: ABERDEENSHIRE, Glen Tanar 31.V.1980, 5 2 swept from Pinus sylvestris leg. 1. F. G. McLean; DUMBARTONSHIRE, Bonhill ? date 31.111.1906, 1 @ leg. J. R. Malloch, in RSM; NORFOLK, University of East Anglia, Norwich 1.VI.1977, 3 @ ; Kilverston, Thetford 17.V.1978, 2 9 ; East Wret- ham (NNT reserve) 20.V.1978, 7 # and 13 ? ; 28.V.1978 4 9, all swept from Pinus sylvestris and leg. I. F. G. McLean; SUFFOLK, Barton Mills 11.V.1938, 1 a :.17.N.1938, 1 9.; 15.1IV.1961, 1 ¢ ; Worlington 12.V.1944, 1 # ; 9.1V.1945, 4 & (1 lacks head) and 22; 29:1N-1947,.2. 2 3 7:V.1947, 2.9: 29:1V.194951 &., all leg: J..E; Collin, in HEC; Tuddenham NNR 17.V.1978, 6 2 swept from Pinus sylvestris leg. I. F. G. McLean; Lakenheath Warren 25.V.1980, swept from Pinus sylvestris 3 ° leg. I. F. G. McLean and 1 9 leg. P. J. Chandler; SURREY, Oxshott Heath 4.VI.1977, 1 2 swept from Pinus sylvestris leg. 1. F. G. McLean.
Leucopis (Neoleucopis) orbiseta McAlpine. This species was described by Dr. McAlpine, in his 1971 world revision of the sub- genus Neoleucopis, from six specimens from Finland, and he has kindly confirmed the identity of two males and one female from Britain (East Wretham). Like the two species discussed above, L. orbiseta would appear to be a larval predator of Adelgidae. It is not clear whether the pair from Cheshire collected by Britten were reared from Pineus strobi Hartig, or if they were collected as adults from trees infested with this woolly aphid (there are no puparia preserved with the specimens).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHESHIRE, Delamere 28.VIII.1924, 1 2 ; 29.VIII.1924, 1 @ (lacks genitalia) both labelled “on Pineus strobi” leg. H. Britten, in Verrall-Collin coll. HEC; NORFOLK, East Wretham (NNT reserve) 20.V.1978, 1 2 swept from Pinus sylvestris leg. I. F. G. McLean; 28.V.1978, swept from Pinus sylvestris 23 # and 8 © leg. I. F. G. McLean and 1 9 leg. Miss C. Brown; Holme Dunes (NNT reserve) 8.VII.1978, 12 swept from Pinus nigra var. maritima (Ait.) Melville leg. J. W. Ismay; SUFFOLK, Barton Mills 29.VIII.1939, 1-9 ; 25.VII.1941, 1 , both leg. J. E. Collin, in HEC; Wangford Warren (SNT reserve) 20.VIII.1977, 2 Qswept from Pinus sylvestris leg. 1. F. G. McLean.
ABBREVIATIONS USED: HEC — Hope Entomological Collec- tions, RSM — Royal Scottish Museum NNT — Norfolk Naturalists’, Trust, SNT — Suffolk Naturalists’ Trust.
Acknowledgements
It is a pleasure to thank Dr. J. F. McAlpine (Ottawa, Canada) for all his help with my studies of Chamaemyiidae. I thank Dr. M. W. R. de V. Graham (HEC, Oxford) and E. C. Pelham-Clinton (RSM, Edinburgh) for allowing me to examine the collections in their charge, the Norfolk Naturalists’ Trust for permission to record insects from their reserves, the Suffolk Naturalists’ Trust for per- mission to record insects at Wangford Warren, and Dr. J. W. Ismay (Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea) for collecting Chamemyiidae in Britain and for advice and encouragement in many ways.
12
References
Carter, C. I., 1971. Conifer Woolly Aphids (Adelgidae) in Britain. Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 42. HMSO, London.
Collin, J. E., 1966. The British Species of Chamaemyia Mg. (Och- thiphila Flin.) (Diptera). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 17(4), 121-128.
Kloet, G. S. and Hincks,W.D., 1976. Diptera and Siphonaptera, Check Lists of British Insects, second edition. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, 11 (5).
McAlpine, J. F., 1960. A new species of Leucopis (Leucopella) from Chile and a key to the World Genera and Subgenera of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera). Can. Ent. 92, 51-58.
McAlpine, J. F., 1971. A revision of the subgenus Neoleucopis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). Can. Ent. 103, 1851-1874.
McAlpine, J. F. and Tanasijtshuk, V. N., 1972. Identity of Leucopis argenticollis and description of a new species (Diptera: Cha- maemyiidae). Can. Ent. 104, 1865-1875.
McLean, I. F. G., 1978. Aphids and their allies (Homoptera: Ster- norhyncha). Jn A Dipterists Handbook. Amateur Entomologist 15, 176-183.
Smith, K. G. V., 1963. A short Synopsis of British Chamaemyi- idae (Dipt.). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 15 (6), 103-115.
PIERIS RAPAE L. AND CARDARIA DRABA [CRUCIFERAE] AS A LARVAL FOODPLANT. — ‘This plant, commonly known as Thanet Cress, a native of S. and C. Europe and Western Asia, was introduced into Britain in 1809, and is now a common plant of roadsides and waste land in N. Kent, especially near the Thames estuary, forming dense clumps with conspicuous masses of white flowers in May and June. On a number of occasions I have observed females of the vernal brood of P. rapae laying eggs upon this plant, as at Crayford on June 13th, 1981. In 1979 butterflies were reared from such eggs found at Greenhithe, the larvae being given only Thanet Cress.
On August 12th, 1981, on some waste land close to Dartford Heath, I watched two female P. rapae flying purposefully over the tall grasses and at intervals disappear amongst them. Investigation showed that they were seeking somewhat deteriorated plants of Thanet Cress, largely hidden from view, upon which to lay eggs.
It appears that C. draba, at least in N. W. Kent, is a signifi- cant larval foodplant for both broods of P. rapae, although I can- not find reference to C. draba as a pabulum for this insect in the textbooks and journals.
A further observation made at Crayford on June 13th, 1981, was that many male P. brassicae L. were present and appeared to settle frequently amongst the considerable masses of Thanet Cress. However, this was illusory, for close inspection revealed that they were seeking isolated plants, largely hidden, of common vetch, Vicia sativa, upon which to feed. — B. K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent.
| ;
Obituary 73
Bernard Sinclair Goodban
Bernard Goodban died suddenly on 18th December 1981 at the age of 80, he having been born on 11th June 1901. His interest in the macrolepidoptera was lifelong and while general in earlier years, he later concentrated entirely on the Geometridae (excepting the “pugs’’).
He will be remembered by many as co-discoverer in this country in 1956, of Xanthorhoe birviata Borkhausen (Balsam Carpet). He also took an active part in the investigation into the Lepidoptera of the Ruislip District in the 1950s, which included hundreds of records of the forms of Biston betularia L., which were valued by Dr. Kettlewell in his work on melanism. Always keen on rearing moths, especially varieties, he was involved in the establishment of the genetic basis of ab. brunneata Cockayne of Ennomos autumnaria Werneburg.
A modest and kindly man ever willing to help anyone, he will be greatly missed by his many friends. It is understood that his collection of Geometridae will go to the British Entomological and Natural Society. — W. E. MINNION.
William Ernest Collinson F.C.1.S., F.R.E.S.
Bill Collinson, was born in Mumbles, South Wales on the 21st January 1920, and died at his home in Ringwood, Hants on the 22nd December 1980, after a long illness which he bore with great fortitude.
A keen naturalist from an early age, Bill gave many Natural History lectures, and in 1971 appeared on television in a programme on conservation. His real love, however, were the lepidoptera, and main speciality the Northern Eggar: Lasiocampa quercus ssp. callunae Palmer, about which he wrote a paper dealing with its many aberrations. This paper on the “Black Eggar” appeared in the Pro- ceedings of the Yorkshire Naturalist for 1956. He also wrote nu- merous articles in the Bulletin of the Amateur Entomological Society. But, without doubt, his principal contribution to ento- mology is The Buttlerflies and Moths of Halifax and District (1970), an annoted list of 334 macrolepidoptera recorded since 1832 in the old parish and district of Halifax.
Bill formed an extensive collection the greater part of which he bequeathed to his son D. P. Collinson of Liss, including a remar- kable aberration of Drymonia ruficornis Hufn. (cf. Proc. Brit. ent nat. Hist. Soc., 1974: 7(1) pit. I, fig. 9); but the cabinet with the butterflies and moths mentioned in his Halifax List has been given to the Halifax Scientific Society and Museum.
No words can express the real feeling of personal loss felt by his many friends who knew and loved him, and our sympathy is extended to his widow, to his son and daughter and to his grand- children. — ROBERT AND AMANDA WATSON.
74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD John Venour Gane
John Gane was born in Bridlington, Yorkshire on 19th July 1907, and died on 27th January 1981. His parents had a boys’ preparatory school at Marton Hall, near Bridlington, and it was from them that he drew his broad interest in Natural History as part of his daily instruction, and in 1937 succeeded his father there as head- master.
His main interest was in the macrolepidoptera of Norfolk, and in particular those of the Broads. He was also the younger brother of C. W. G. Gane who had a locality in Norfolk for Catocala fraxini L., where it appears to have been resident and was taken in numbers in 1933 and 1934.
John was very meticulous in his recording, writing up full lists of species and numbers on every occasion. He corresponded with and met many of the Norfolk people, and it was with their help that between 1970 nad 1980 he compiled a list of the lepidoptera of Norfolk. This list, which was almost completed at the time of his death, was never published and is at present in the hands of the writer as are his Notebooks, Card Index and Collection.
Much of his collecting was done with light, but unenamoured with the design of the Robinson Trap, he produced a light trap to his own specification by commissioning a joiner to build a double- walled folding wooden carcass, canvas-lined to give the moths purchase. He redesigned the collar out of solid perspex, lengthened the funnel to eighteen inches, and enclosed the bulb inside a perspex cover. This ambitious construction was situated on the roof of his garage within a stone’s throw of Barton Broad, where among many interesting species he took Orgyia recens Hbn. (bred 25.5.1973 from larvae found on meadowspeet) and Eilema pygmaeola pyg- maeola Dbldy.
John was a quiet and thorough collector always willing to share his extensive knowledge, and will be greatly missed by all who knew him. — MARK HADLEY.
Notes and Observations
A VERY FINE EXHIBITION. — I am getting old and can no longer chase Colias croceus in August over clover fields. But in October 1981, I was pursuing certain ecclesiastical quarries, and my wife and I spent ten days in Verona in Northern Italy. What a lucky choice it was, for there in the heart of the City in the Palazzo Gran Guardia was this exhibition of farfalle (butter- flies) of the world.
The Catalogue is obtainable from the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale at Verona, and contains some 70 pages with colour pictures and diagrams. We are told on p. 69 that the collection of butterflies together with that of Coleoptera and Hemiptera comprises the most important collection in the Verona Museum. There are over one million in number with some 50000 butterflies. This they say is one of the most important collections in Italy, most of the insects coming from Piemonte and Veneto with some from Kenya and Brazil.
: NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS aS On p.66 it is interesting to read that the tollowing are among
the species that have become extinct in the region: Araschnia levana, Euphydryas aurinia and Thecla betulae. 1 was fascinated by the diagrams of insect flight which record the variety of flight which we old bug hunters know so well; but alas, this does not appear in the Catalogue, for it is something I have not seen recorded before. There is the personal note too, in photographs of Carlo Recchia and Rosetto Gioco at work in their laboratories.
But what interested me more than almost anything were the pre-Linnean species on show. I did not know there were any. But there it was — Papilio canaria in a 1750 (?) collection for what we know as Gonepteryx rhamni. A brown, labelled ‘occulata’. A pre- Linnean fritillary labelled ‘aglaia’. And of moths, dear old S. cov- volvuli, ’m working hard with a dictionary. What happy fortune brought me to Verona. — Rev. Canon P. C. HAWKER, St. Botolph’s Vicarage, 84 Little Bargate Street, Lincoln LN5 8JL.
A SOUTH AMERICAN SYNTOMID IN CAMBRIDGE. — In October 1981 my wife was given a ‘nasty black stinging fly’ by our local greengrocer in Chesterton, Cambridge. It had apparently suddenly appeared and alarmed the customers. The specimen, which was in excellent condition, appeared to be freshly emerged and was a male of Ceramides vividis Druce. This is a reasonably common South American syntomid whose larvae are recorded as being a minor pest of banana trees, with whose fruit it was almost certainly im- ported. I have seen many things from our local shops, mostly beetles, but also cockroaches, spiders and once a tree frog. This however is the first Lepidopteran. I hope for others. — B. O. C. GARDINER, University of Cambridge, Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge.
MR. J. RAE AND HIS RECORDS, AND A NOTE ON MR. WILLIAM REID OF PITCAPLE. — Whilst recently browsing through Prof. Trail’s 1878 list of the “Lepidoptera of Dee” (Trans. nat. Hist. Soc. Aber- deen, 1878: 28-42), I noted that the extremely puzzling and un- likely record of Argynnis paphia at Muchalls, Kincardineshire was due to Mr J. Rae. Idly moving on to another unlikely record, that of Erebia medea (blandina) (=aethiops) on the coast at Nigg, Kin- cardineshire I again found Mr. Rae’s authority used. Now roused I searched the list and noted all Mr. Rae’s records. They are few but choice!
As well as the two noted above he lists Zygaena trifolii between Muchalls and Stonehaven, Liparis auriflua (=Eproctis similis) at Aberdeen and Botys verticalis (=Pleuroptya ruralis) at Shettocksley, Aberdeen. Now the last is still found rarely, scattered throughout lowland Aberdeenshire, but the others are very peculiar. Indeed some authors have had to devote considerable, fruitless time and space to accounting for them in their biogeographical speculation. It seems to me that a strong circumstantial case can be made for regarding Mr. Rae as, shall we just say, unreliable, and my advice would be for people to allow his records to vanish gracefully.
Having impugned one reputation may I resurrect another. P. B. M. Allan, whose writing I admire and enjoy greatly, discusses
76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
Eumichtis (=Blepharita) satura in ““A Moth Hunter’s Gossip” (1947), and suggests most amusingly that William Reid from Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire cleverly beat up a lucrative trade in the moth by discussing its larval habits. All very possible, but firstly Reid was not a dealer, as Allan suggests, and secondly all his writings, and es- pecially his learned and comprehensive “List of the Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire” (1893) are redolent of integrity. He was a microlepidopterist of real skill, and we are still rediscovering many of the species which he listed and which to us seemed rare and perhaps unlikely. If you read his works I am sure you will conclude, with me, that far from being a canny dealer he was actual- ly a learned and reliable field lepidopterist. I would like him to be revered, not villified! — M. R. YOUNG, Department of Zoology, Aberdeen University, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen.
DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. IN THE ALGARVE, PORTUGAL, 1981. — The reports of this butterfly in South-West England in the first four pages of the November/December 1981 “Record” make my own experience worth recording in a journal primarily concerned with British entomology.
We holidayed at the Montechoro Hotel just outside Albufeira in the Algarve from 2nd to 16th October. For the first few days the weather was mixed and worsening with a wind from the South- West which is unusual in this part of Portugal. There were few butterflies about but I was struck by the plentiful supply of Lantana bushes in the hotel and neighbouring gardens and these reminded me of Teneriffe where they are so well patronised by the Monarchs.
When the wind changed back to the North we were blessed with settled weather and very warm sunshine and almost immediately D. plexippus appeared gliding round the swimming pool on the 9th, it was seen on most days during the ensuing week, usually on or near the Lantana. Knowing nothing of the events in England and hoping that specimens from the Canaries might be settling in the Algarve I made no attempt to catch it though nothing could have been easier as it rested on the flowers and was obviously in very good condition.
I am not aware whether it is possible to distinguish a specimen from the Canary Islands from one from America, but in view of the shorter distance and favourable wind this seems the more likely source for the Algarve specimen and does not seem so unlikely for the Cornish specimens. It would be interesting to know how many more Monarchs were seen along the Western sea-board of Europe at this time. — C. I. RUTHERFORD, Longridge, Macclesfield Road, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, SK9 7BL.
INTERESTING MOTHS AT MV LIGHT AT OR NEAR WYE, KENT IN 1981. — This year, I ran Robinson traps continuously at Wye College from May to August, and in my garden on the downs above Boughton Aluph intermittently throughout the year. May and most of June produced very low numbers of both species and individuals, but the situation improved in July and August. The more interesting species trapped were: —
Rhyacia simulans Hufn., at Wye on 29 July, now recorded for
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ul the fourth year running in Kent, after its first capture in the county in 1978. The date is interesting, since the adults are supposed to aestivate from mid July to mid August. Diarsia dahlii Hbn. Boughton Aluph, 25 August; the first record for the area for 12 years. Arenos- tola phragmitidis Hbn., one at each site on 7 August; the appearance of two fresh specimens on the same night some distance from any possible breeding ground suggests a possible dispersal flight that night. Hadena confusa Hufn., Boughton Aluph, 2 July, the first record here in five years. Evergestis extimalis Scop., Boughton Aluph, 25 August. — M. ENFIELD, New Cottage, Warren Farm, Boughton Aluph, Ashford, Kent.
ANOTHER FOODPLANT OF THE YELLOW SHELL: CAMPTO- GRAMMA BILINEATA L. — Publication of the recent note on the larval foodplants of C. bilineata (West, Ent. Rec. J. Var., 93, 198, 1981) happened to coincide with a re-examination of the note- books kept by myself and my brother (S. A. Knill-Jones) between 1955 and 1962. The entry for 17.4.1957 includes a note to the effect that night-searching for larvae at Freshwater, Isle of Wight (OS.SZ. 3387) revealed one stout green larva with a dark dorsal line, whitish lateral line and brown head, on Ranunculus ficaria L. (Ranunculaceae). The resulting imago emerged on 22.6.1957. There is no note that feeding was actually observed, but this would not be expected as the note-books rarely contained such obser- vations unless the originally recorded foodplant was found to be unacceptable. The brief larval description is consistent with that given in Stokoe and Stovin, Caterpillars of British Moths, (F. Warne, London, 1948) and the note makes it highly likely that R.ficaria is a foodplant for the post-hibernation larvae of C. bilineata in the wild. — R. P. KNILL-JONES, 9 Crown Road South, Glasgow, Scotland
FURTHER RECORDS OF MONOCHROA HORNIGI (STAUD.) = I recently had cause to re-examine and dissect some Monochroa spp. This led to the discovery that I had taken M. hornigi at Enfield, Middx., 14.vii.1979 and at Southampton, 17 & 19.vi.1970.
The latter specimens had previously been misidentified as M. elongella (Hein.) and are so-recorded in Goater’s list of Hampshire lepidoptera. I did find, however, that I have a specimen of elongella from Braunton Burrows, North Devon, 26.viii.1970, which was correctly identified. This is a scarce and local species whose larva feeds on Potentilla anserina. — D. J. L. AGASSIZ, The Vicarage, 10, High View Avenue, Grays, Essex RM17 6RU.
THE RISE OF THE CYPRUS PUG: EUPITHECIA PHOENICEATA RAMBUR IN THE EASTBOURNE AREA. — __ This moth has been spreading along the south coast and was first noted in Eastbourne on 27 August 1978 at light in my old garden. In 1979, two were noted: one by Mr. M. Hadley and one by Mr. S. W. P. Pooles. In 1980, a further eight specimens were captured, including one netted near the cliffs at Holywell by Mr. C. Pratt. In 1981, fewer traps were run in the area; however, the moth was noted in increased numbers with a total of 15, including one interesting record of it from Deep Deane which is some way from a larval foodplant. — M. PARSONS, The Forge, Russells Green, Ninefield, Battle, E. Sussex.
78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
NOTES ON SOME BRITISH CURCULIO SpP. (COL.). — The occurrence of the rather scarce and pretty little Curculio rubidus Gyll. in the eastern suburbs of London during the present century seems not to be well established up to now. Fowler (1891, Col. Brit. Isl., 5: 386) cites Forest Hill and a statement by Champion that it is “not uncommon in the London district”; but it is clear from what follows that this latter refers to places in Surrey well outside the metropolis, and in any case all these are 19th-century records. Moreover, the species is not included at all in the Victoria County History list of Coleoptera of Kent (Fowler, 1908). There is, however, a record for Shooters Hill and Lee (in this district) by W. West, in ‘Woolwich Surveys’ (1909) — the only one for Kent that I have seen, although C. rubidus is not really rare in the county. In the eastern division I have met with it once or twice singly in Ham Street Woods; in the western, at Darenth Wood likewise — on the last occasion there, 7.ix.63, one each of the present species and C. betulae Steph. were taken off birch in the same sweep of the net. In the year after moving to Charlton (1974) I was pleased to come across a few examples of rubidus by sweeping under trees on two of the grassy slopes in Maryon Wilson Park there, in August; I have seen none since, but have made no special search. One was at a little distance from a birch, while two others were near oak, ash, and black poplar. This is not far from Shooters Hill where West took it long ago, and where I have collected on many occasions but have found, so far, only the more common oak-feeding species C. venosus Grav., glandium Martsh., and pyrrhoceras Marsh.
C. betulae, supposedly scarcer than rubidus, seems also to be little known in Kent; the VCH list gives only Plumstead (S. Stevens), but I have taken it two or three times singly at Darenth and Ham Street Woods, and its actual range and incidence in the county ap- pears very similar to that of its close ally. The late Dr. A. M. Massee once told me that betulae could best be found high up on the outer shoots of fairly young birches.
The polyphagy attributed to this species is somewhat remar- kable. As a larval pabulum, the developing fruits or catkins of alder are doubtless not too dissimilar to those of birch, nor are young fruits of sloe to those of cherry; but between these two pairs of development-media the difference is surely considerable. Hansen (1965, Danm. Faun. 69: 318) gives all four as hosts but alder as the principal one in Denmark — birch being exceptional, whereas in Britain it is by far the most usual (as with C. rubidus). And that is not all: Reitter (1916, Faun. Germ., 5: 189) adds Quercus and Salix cinerea (the latter also for rubidus)! His inclusion of sallow is of interest in lending some plausibility to my tentative association of both species at times with Populus (Allen, 1947, Ent. mon. Mag., 83. 127, and see above under C. rubidus); compare further the common little black C. pyrrhoceras which seems to fluctuate in its host-choice between oak and willow, again geographically; e.g. the former in Britain, the latter in Denmark. Possibly, however, con- fusion with the very similar C. salicivorus Payk. may sometimes have occurred. In any case polyphagy is much less surprising with
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 79
these smaller species of the genus (s. Balanobius Jekel) whose larvae develop in leaf-galls as opposed to fruits.
In contrast, the larger species of Curculio are virtually mono- phagous; where a secondary host is alleged to exist it is probably based on adult straying, as when oak and hazel, for instance, grow close together. It is noteworthy that a middle-sized oak-feeding species, villosus F., develops in the familiar ‘oak-apple’ galls, and not in acorns like venosus and glandium — a fact not, I think, noticed in British works. Biologically, therefore, it belongs with the Balanobius group, whilst in other respects a typical Curculio s. str. (=Balaninus). 1 should perhaps mention in passing that. the very distinctive C. (Balanobius) crux F., which lives on Salix, is common on much of the Continent and would be expected to occur in Britain.
I cannot agree with Fowler’s estimate (lc.sup. 385) that C. glandium (= turbatus Gyll.) is ‘not common’; I have always found it at least as commonly as C. venosus, if not more so. The two often occur together on the same oaks, and I have had glandium on the tray in plenty off one tree at Windsor, accompanied by a few veno- sus. The former is notable also for its great variation in size, some specimens being but little larger than betulae which they rather resemble. On the other hand nucum L. and venosus, from what I have seen, vary hardly at all in that regard. All three of these larger species are, normally, easy to discriminate in the field, each having its own characteristic facies not readily described.
I have taken all eight British species of Curculio at Darenth Wood, W. Kent, which classic locality is now sorely in need of protection. — A. A. ALLEN.
EULYPE HASTATA L: ARGENT AND SABLE FEEDING AT BLUE- BELLS (ENDYMION NONSCRIPTUS). — R. Southin his Moths of the British Isles, Vol. II states of this moth — “‘It flies in the after- noon sunshine around and over birch trees, and occasionally alights on the leaves”, and my experience of the insect in Southern England is in accord with this description. However, on May 25th, 1952, at Broadwater Forest, Sussex, later to be despoiled by the Forestry Commission, I saw about a dozen specimens most of which were feeding at bluebells far past their prime. Aphides were not in evi- dence on the flowers, and I suspect the moths were imbibing some product caused by bacterial activity rather than upon nectar. I have not observed F. hastata feeding at flowers on other occasions, nor have I seen any reference to such behaviour. — B. K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent.
AN EARLY RED ADMIRAL. —i In warm sunshine this morning, my wife and I watched a Vanessa atalanta L. sunning itself by the roadside in Holmesley Enclosure in the New Forest. In view of the recent very cold spell it seems likely that this was one that managed to hibernate. In spite of there being a light SW wind, the insect had none of the urgency of an immigrant about it. — E. H. WILD, 7, Abbots Close, Highcliffe, Christchurch, Dorset, 31.i.1982.
ES. SEUSS
80 Current Literature
The Smaller Moths of Essex by A. M. Emmet. 158pp., stiff wrapper. Essex Naturalist No. 6 . The Essex Field Club, c/o Passmore Edwards Museum, Romford Road, London E15 4LZ. 1981. Price £7 (£5 to Members of the British Entomological and Natural History Society).
Many years have elapsed since publication of W. H. Harwood’s classic account of the microlepidoptera of Essex in the Victoria County History (1903), so that an up-to-date definitive work on the smaller moths of the county has long been a desideratum. Compiled by one of the foremost British microlepidopterists of this century, the new book adequately fills this need, and is thus a most welcome addition to the county lepidopteras.
Among the subjects treated in an introduction replete with interest are: (1) The recording area; (2) The presentation of the records; (3) Types of habitat; (4) The history of recording in Essex; (5) The principal recorders; (6) Recorders, past and present; and (7) Collections. The main part of the work follows with details of the 1052 species so far recorded, to every one of which is ap- pended a trim little thumbnail-sized distribution map. Despite some abbreviation, presentation on the whole is admirably clear and precise with, among other particulars, the names of localities, years of occurrence, authorities, vice-county and 10km square numbers, and a species’ status in the county. The Smaller Moths of Essex also includes foodplants, but interest in these would have been far greater were it made clear upon which of these foodplants species have been known to feed in Essex. A valuable feature is the first and last year of known occurrence or year of recording in the county, though a first record cited here is not always the earliest, as reference to Samouelle, Entomologist’s Useful Compendium (1819) and Wood, Index Entomologicus (1839) will show. Less essential in a specialised work of this nature, are over 400 lines in larger type, mostly of general interest only and not strictly relevant to Essex. Further space is taken up by 50 drawings, mainly of repre- sentatives of families of microlepidoptera, of which though many are well executed (notably those by E. S. Bradford), there are others so poor as to be quite unrecognisable. The book concludes with an important list of 262 bibliographical references, but is regrettably devoid of any index. There are a fair number of printing errors, mostly trivial however, and in the review copy some of these had already been neatly corrected in the hand of the author.
The above criticisms are far outweighed by the merits of this fine work. Much of it is the outcome of intensive pioneer explora- tion of the county, undertaken by the author over the past few years, assisted by his wife Katie, and resulting in a remarkably comprehensive and well-researched account. Reasonably priced, especially to B.E.N.H.S. members, we heartily recommend this book to students of the British microlepidoptera and devotees of “local lists”. — J.M.C.-H.
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CONTENTS
Four New South African Butterflies. C.G.C. DICKSON ...
The Dotted Chestnut: Conistra rubiginea D. & S. Brig. E. C. L. SIMSON... The Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1980: a Supple- mentary Note. R. F. BRETHERTON and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT .. The Early Stages of Parornix finitimella Z. and P. Ot ae bp (ene
doptera: Gracillariidae). Lt. Col. A. M. EMMET The Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. A. E. STUBBS 5 The Diptera (Calyptratae) of the Sandwell Valley. M. G. BLOXHAM A New County Record for Cornwall with Observations on Other Notable Macrolepidoptera in the County. M. HADLEY ... What Ails Adonis? A. C. MORTON Three Species of Leucopis Meigen (Diptera: Glamacniyiidaey) New to Britain. Dr. I. F.G. McLEAN Notes and Observations: The Beautiful Snout: Bomolocha fontis Thunb. R. G. WARREN Larvae of the Yellow Shell feeding on Cruciferae. Dr. D. F. OWEN Papilio machaon L.: Swallow Tail flourishing in a N. Norfolk Locality, 1981. A. A. ALLEN The Use of the term PacMan in alEtermeleey) Ya M. ‘CHALMERS- HUNT. s Coleophora napenvella z.: a New Boodle N. lie HEAL Carpophilus sexpustulatus F. (Col.: Nitidulidae) in Surrey with a Note on its Habits in Britain. D. PRANCE .. ; The Scarce Merveille-du-Jour at Orlestone Bates M. ENFIELD Coleophora potentillae Elisha: Some Observations. Dr. J. R. LANG- MAID The Dingy Skipper: Brain nee eh aie Brown R. D. G. BAR- RINGTON a Pieris rapae L. and Cardara genie asa kvl ieodatent B. K. WEST A Very Fine Exhibition. Rev. Cannon P. C. HAWKER ... A South American Syntomid in Cambridge. B. O. C. GARDINER Mr. J. Rae and his Records, and a Note on Mr. William Reid of Pitcaple. Dr. M.R. YOUNG os es Bs Danaus plexippus L. in the Reni Porusal 1981. C.I. RUTHER- FORD my Interesting Moths at or near Wye! meat in 1981. Mt ENFIELD. Another Foodplant of the Yellow Shell. Dr. R. P. KNILL-JONES Further Records of Monochroa hornigi Staud. Rev. D. J. L. AGASSIZ The Rise of the Cyprus Pug in the Eastbourne Area. M. PARSONS Notes on Some British Curculio Species (Coleoptera). A. A. ALLEN... Eulype hastata L.: Argent and Sable Feeding at Bluebells B. K. WEST. An Early Red Admiral. E. H. WILD Obituaries: Bernard Sinclair Goodban William Ernest Collinson John Venour Gane Current Literature
41 45
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76 76 77 Tt Ci 78 719 79
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81 THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA MOTHE BRITISEISLES IN 1981, INCLUDING THAT OF THE MONARCH BUTTERELY: DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L.
By R. F. BRETHERTON! and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT?
The outstanding invasion of the generally poor season of 1981 was that of Danaus plexippus L., which came with many North American birds mainly to south west Britain. Some 120 sightings have been reported and, although numbering of the butterflies concerned is difficult, the influx was probably the largest yet re- corded. The records are discussed and set out in detail in Annexe III.
Apart from this, among the scarce immigrant species (Annexe II) the capture in a last fling during the warm week-end of November 20/22 of the tenth known British specimen of the Noctuid Tathor- hynchus exsiccata Lederer in Cornwall and of an example of the Pyrale Euchromius ocellea Haw. in Kent are especially notable, as is also the recognition on September 29 in Glamorgan of a single Cynthia virginiensis Drury (Ent. Rec. 93: 242), which had presum- ably accompanied the D. plexippus. Other good single records are of a Nymphalis antiopa L. seen in Surrey on August 15 (Ent. Rec. 93. 242), a Diachrysia orichalcea F. in West Sussex on August 8, a Hyles gallii Rott. observed by day in the Isle of Wight on August 3, and of a Catocala fraxini trapped at Lymington, South Hampshire on the night of October 1.
In addition, single larvae of H. gallii were found as far apart as Sussex and Yorkshire. Of the two Nymphalis polychloros repor- ted (Ent. Rec. 93: 237) the first, at Catisfield in Sussex on April 4 may either have over-wintered in Britain or come with other im- migrant species about that date; the second, at Whitstable, East Kent, had only slight migratory contempories and was perhaps locally bred, either from immigrant or precariously established native stock. Deltote bankiana Hbn., which was reported in 1980 as a single immigrant, at Kingsdown, East Kent, now appears to be at least temporarily established nearby (Ent. Rec. 93: 204). A single specimen of Scopula rubiginata Hufn. taken at Dungeness on August 5 1981 is assumed to have been an immigrant, like the few previous examples recorded from the Kent Coast.
Agrius convolvuli L. alone among the scarcer species did rather better than in 1980. One was seen in Essex in July, one in Lincoln- shire in August, and 19 between September 15 and October S, widely scattered from south Devon to Orkney: but these were mostly single specimens, and no mass immigration appears to have taken place. Rhodometra sacraria L. appears to have arrived in three distinct batches. 12 were recorded from September 10 to 20; seven from September 26 to October 4, the last being as far north 1
2
Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley; Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG.
82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
as Warwickshire, and two, both females of ab. labda Cramer, on November 21 and 22 at Rogate, Sussex. This form is usually ob- tained by rearing in warmth in captivity; its presence in the wild, and that of the semi-tropical 7. exsiccata, in late November shows that this migration must have had a very distant origin. Mythimna unipuncta was reported in similar numbers from September 19 to October 5; and one was also present in Cornwall on November 21. These were, however, from four coastal localities only between west Cornwall and south Essex. M. vitellina was reported twice in Cornwall in late May. but the numbers noted in September and October were very small. Less than ten Orthonama obstipata F. were noted, curiously spread at various dates between May 28 and October 5. Of other scarce immigrants there were only two Spodo- ptera exigua Hbn., the second being on November 22, and of 77i- choplusia ni Hbn. and Palpita unionalis Hbn.; and only single records of Eurois occulta L., Mythimna albipuncta D. & S., Helicoverpa armigera Hbn., Heliothis peltigera D. & S., Diachrysia orichalcea F. A Brimstone butterfly which was observed and captured, but not retained, in a garden at Temple Ewell, Dover on July 28 appears from the careful description to have been an example of Gonepteryx cleopatra L. This south European species is not a known migrant, and its presence outside Dover may have been due to introduction in a car or lorry. There have been at least four previous occurrences in Britain between 1870 and 1957.
The total of 23 scarce immigrant species reported in 1981 compares badly with 29 in 1980, itself a poor season; the number of individuals was also very much smaller.
Most of the common immigrants also did badly. Of Vanessa atalanta L. one was found hibernating in a heated room in Orkney in February, and five probable immigrants were reported in March and April; but the usual influx in late May and June was small, and no larvae from it were noted though some were found in late August and September. There were, however, considerable immigrations in August and especially in late September, so that numbers may have approached normal in the autumn. The last was seen at Bradwell-on- Sea on October 23.
Of Cynthia cardui L. about 120 were reported, in contrast to the abundance of 1980. The earliest singles reported were as far north as St. Bees Head, Cumbria, and Orkney, on May 14; these were followed by a few others, widely spread later in the month, about a dozen in early June and some singles in July. There were apparently several small invasions in August, with penetration inland as far as Warwickshire and Hertfordshire; a few scattered singles in September; and a last record at Beer, South Devon, on October 11. Two full grown larvae and some vacated webs were noted at Muston, south east Yorkshire, on August 10.
Colias crocea Fourc., with some 50 clearly immigrant examples reported, had an interesting year. The first record was not until July 30 at Aylesford Common, South Devon, after which there was a small influx mainly in the south west about the middle of August and in its last days and in early September a larger one, with bigger
83 IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1981
numbers seen in Sussex and Kent and a single in Essex. Inland records were of about five, with some C. cardui, at Ashridge, Hert- fordshire and of one at Tidworth, North Wiltshire on August 17 and 19. The last specimens seen were at Slapton, South Devon, Septem- ber 21 and 23. In Warwickshire, however, there was an extraor- dinary occurrence reported by Mr. D. C. G. Brown (Ent. Rec. 93: 241). On August 2, 70 examples were counted, including three f. helice, in and near old gravel workings, and ten later visits by him and others to the same place brought the total count to over 400: the last singles were on September 6 and 13, and the only one seen elsewhere was within a mile of the main site. Even allowing for considerable recounting on successive visits such numbers must surely reflect local breeding from several parents. Later information obtained from Mr. R. G. Payne reveals the presence of from seven to 12 male C. crocea, but no females, during the second week of August in an area south of Duston, 30 miles further east, in Northamp- tonshire, where a few (not previously reported) were seen at the same time in 1980. The origin of these large, isolated, occurren- ces is mysterious. There were no records of C. crocea anywhere in Britain in May or June 1981, which might have provided parents; no Warwickshire records of it in 1980, the most recent being of two singles on August 5, 1979; and no other reports from Northampton- shire in 1980 or 1981. Overwintering in Britain in any stage has never been proved, and seems very unlikely so far north as these counties.
Among the common moths Autographa gamma L. showed a somewhat patchy picture. Apart from a single specimen at Beetham, Westmorland on May 6, arrivals only began in the last ten days and remained much below average in June and most of July; many observers commented on its unwonted scarcity, which continued in most inland areas for the rest of the season. In August and Sep- tember, however, sizeable sudden influxes were counted at several coastal light traps. In Sussex at Peacehaven, 63 and 66 on August 6 and 27, a total of 30 for the four nights of September 5 to 8 and at East Dean 100 on August 25; at Bradwell-on-Sea, South Essex, 124, 120, 179 on August 13, 14 and 26, and a total of 71 for September 6 to 9. Other traps near the coast, however, as at Chilling- ton, South Devon and Beetham, Westmorland, reported no con- siderable influxes and “lowest ever” totals for the season. Sudden relative increases in the numbers of A. gamma are often useful in checking the arrival points and dates of immigrant swarms which include other, and scarcer, immigrants.
Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. began well with two influxes, widely reported, about March 7 and again in late March and early April; breeding from these may have provided most of the few moths recorded in June and July. Numbers from August to October were clearly lower than usual; but the species put in an appearance during the last immigration of November 20 to 22. No records of it came from places north of Cumbria.
Peridroma saucia Hbn., with about 40 reported from 12 places, was also unusually scarce. The first was at Rogate, West Sussex, on
84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
May 22, followed by two others elsewhere in June, and there were small immigrations, mainly to the south and south east coast from late August into October; eight were trapped at Fountainstown, co. Cork before September 23. The last record was at Hayling Island, South Hampshire on October 21, and the most northerly at Beetham, Westmorland, on October 4. Of the diurnal Macroglossa stellatarum L. only eight were reported, from five places: three at Slapton Sands, South Devon, in late August, with the first in West Cornwall on June 16 and another on July 14; there was one at Leigh, Surrey on September 6, and the last at Bromley, West Kent on October 14.
The usual immigrant Microlepidoptera did little better. Nomo- Phila noctuella D. & S., despite an early start in late March and April in Essex and elsewhere, was a rarity except after very small influxes in September; but two were noted as far north as Caldarvan, Dum- bartonshire, and the last was seen at Mawnan Smith, West Cornwall, on November 22. Udea ferrugalis Hbn. was reported from few places only in small numbers, but seems to have been least scarce in late August. The first record was on June 6 and the last on November 22, both at Mawnan Smith, West Cornwall. Plutella xylostella L. is often overlooked unless it appears in swarms at light traps or among crops. It was nonetheless reported by some 20 observers from the south coast to Orkney, and it occurred in every month, from the first two at Peacehaven, Sussex on April 2 until the last at Hamp- stead Middlesex, on October 18. Large influxes appeared at Peace- haven in late May and early June and again in late July, and 30 were trapped at Langness, Isle of Man on June 12; from August on- wards it was in smaller numbers but more widespread, probably resulting from local breeding. The species is suspected of being resident as well as immigrant.
The Noctuid Phlogophora meticulosa L., is a common species which many recorders may not realise is certainly both immigrant and resident. Earl:’ moths, such as the singles reported at Hamp- stead on April 4 and 24, were probably immigrants, since native larvae, even helped by an unusually mild winter, would not have produced mo ‘s so early, though they no doubt contributed many if not most of the considerable numbers which were widespread in southern England through June and early July. After a pause num- bers again rose steeply to much higher levels in September and early October. There .s then clear evidence of immigration near the coast: a trap ce: .1e cliff edge at Highcliffe, South Hampshire on September 29 scored 56 P. meticulosa along with nine A. ipsilon, and a peak of 71, with very few before or after, was registered from October 2 to 7 at Muston on the Yorkshire coast. The last record of the year, a single at Bramley, Surrey on November 21 was also probably immigrant. But, to judge from the abundance of the species there and elsewhere inland in late August and September, a second home bred generation also played some part. The northern limit of successful over-wintering in Britain is not known, and the interplay of immigration and residence is not fully understood. Six specimens of P. meticulosa trapped in Orkney from September 1
85 IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1981
to 16 may have been primary immigrants to Britain, or immigrants to Orkney of southern native stock.
We have received a number of reports of Rhyacia simulans Hufn., especially from Essex, Kent, and Lincolnshire. These sup- port our previous view that such occurrences in recent years have resulted from internal spread of the species rather than from im- migration. At Bradwell-on-Sea 22 were trapped in small nightly numbers over the whole period from July 5 to August 4; and in south east Lincolnshire, where the species was first seen in 1978, it is now well established. Spaelotis ravida D. & S., often said to be an immigrant, has recently shown a similar internal spread.
ANNEXE I Records and localities (The names cf recorders who gave information about D. plexippus are starred.)
*Alexander, Mrs R., per JC, Skomer, Enfield, M. A., E. Kent Pembrokeshire
* Agassiz, Rev. D. *Archer-Lock, A., S. Devon *Allison, Mr and Mrs, per BG, S. Hants. Baker, B. R., Caversham, Oxon. Barrington, R. D., Lulworth, Dorset Bond, K. G. M., Isle of Man, co. Dublin, co. Cork. *Bovey R., per JC, Dyfi N.N.R., Merioneth Braddock, A., per CRP, Alfreton, Derbyshire Bretherton, R.F., Bramley, Surrey Bretherton, M.F., S. Devon Briggs, J., Westmorland Brown, D. C. G., Warwicks. Buckingham, C., Sevenoaks, W. Kent Buddle, R. F., Dover, Folkestone *Burridge, R., per MR, at sea off Ushant Burrows, D. S., S. Hants, N. Devon Burton, J. F., Bristol, Cambs, Dyfed Butcher, A. G. J. B., Rochester, Tenterdan, E. Kent ‘Campbell, J. L., Isle of Canna *Campbell, W. D., Guardian, 21.X.81 Carter, C. I., Tidworth, Wilts Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., Kent, co. Wicklow Chambers, R., Temple Ewell, E. Kent *Church, S., Chiddingfold, Surrey, Plaistow, Worthing, W. Sussex Christie, I. A. C., Dumbartonshire Clouter, F. H., Isle of Wight *Comont, J., Dyfed *Cowell, M., per CRP, E. Sussex Craske, R., per CRP, E. Sussex Cross, G., Bridport, Dorset, per BS. Dewick, A. J. & S. F., Bradwell-on- Sea, S. Essex *Elliott, B., Lizard, W. Cornwell
Charlecote,
Evans, K. A. G., Croydon, Surrey, Lyme Regis, Dorset Byventn Gh kent Fairclough, R., Leigh, Surrey Feltwell, J., Catisfield, E. Sussex *Foggitt, G. T., Scilly Foster, A. P., Mawnan Smith, W. Cornwall Gascoyne-Pees, M., Ranmore, Surrey *Goater, B., S. Hants and various *Green, Dr. G., Winspit, Dorset Greenwood, J. A. C., Rogate, W.
Sussex
Gregory ee pen GRES Pare: Cornwall
Hadley, M., E. Sussex, Polruan, W. Cornwall
Hall, N., Portland, Dorset; Scilly, Tilehurst, Berks Harman, T. A., Reculver, E. Kent *Harmer, A., Lymington, S. Hants Hart, C., Betchworth, Surrey; Barton Broad, E. Norfolk *Harvey, Prof., per D. Agassiz *Haynes, R. F., Galway, Eire *Heath, J., various *Hedges, J., Ballakaighan, Isle of Man Hilliard, R. D., Ashridge, Herts. Holdaway, P., Biggin Hill, E. Kent Howarth, T. G., Beer, S. Devon Howell, Mrs S. J., Sussex *Hunt, D. per RDP, Scilly Imber, S., Ewhurst, Surrey Jackson, S. A., Newton Dale, N. Yorkshire. *J. Jamieson, Mrs., per D. Hunt, St. Martin’s Scilly Jewess, P. J., Newington, E. Kent *Kydd, D.W., Sellafield, Cumberland; Dolgellau, Merioneth Largen, R., Wiston, W. Sussex Lipscomb, Major Gen. C. G., Gla- morgan Lloyd, B., per CRP, Lullington Heath, E. Sussex
86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
*Lorimer, Dr. J. A., Pembrokeshire
Lorimer, R. I., Totteridge, Herts; Orphir, Orkney
Luckens, Dr. C. J., Winspit, Dorset
McRitchie, B., W. Essex; St. Ives/ Portreath, W. Cornwall
Maynard, C., per CRP, E. Sussex
Miles, P. J. S., Cambridge
Myers, A. A., Fountainstown, co. Cork
Newbery, P. E., RSPB wardens’ reports
O’Heffernan, H. L., Slapton and Chillington, S. Devon
O’Keeffe, per BS, Heathfield, E. Sussex
Owen, Prof. D. FE-., Dungeness; Dymchurch, Dover, E. Kent
Owen, R., Bigbury-on-Sea, S. Devon
Parsons, M., per CRP, Ninfield, E. Sussex; Polruan, W. Cornwall
Payne, J. H., Wellingborough, Northamptonshire
*Penhallurick, R. D., Scilly, Cornwall, Devon
Phillips, J. W., Topsham, S. Devon; Purbeck, Dorset
Pilcher, R. M., S. Thorsby, Lincs.
*Plymouth City Museum, S. Devon
Porter, J., Sheffield Park, E. Sussex
Prati © mcm beacenavenmand: widely in Sussex
Randall, C. J., Whitstable, Thanet, E. Kent
Radford, J. T., per CRP, Walberton, W. Sussex
*Rayner, E., Pagham, W. Sussex
*Rogers, M., per JH, at sea Seaford Nat. Hist. Soc., per CRP,
E. Sussex
*Searles 1Cole,. per
W. Sussex Sell, M., per RIL, Scilly Skinner B., Wye, Kent and various Smith, B., South Croydon, Surrey *Smith, F. H. N., Nancledra, Penhale, etc., W. Cornwall Softly, R. A., Hampstead and Fulham, Middx. Sokoloff, P., Bromley, W. Kent Sterling, Col. D. H., Winchester, S. Hants Walters, J. W., Hayling Is., S. Hants Warren, Miss E., Folkestone, Kent
*Wildridge, B., Thame, Oxon.
*Wills, D., per B. Elliott, W. Cornwall Wilson, D. E., Dungeness, E. Kent Winter, P. Q., Muston, S. E. Yorks.
*Woodman, J., per CRP, Rottingdean,
E. Sussex Wykes, Uploders, Dorset. *Zealley, M. J., per RDP, Scilly
SC, Worthing,
ANNEXE II Records of scarcer immgrant species in 1981
EUCHROMIUS OCELLEA Haw. (1) E. Kent: Wye, 22.11, one at light in the field (BS).
PALPITA UNIONALIS Hbn. (2) S. HANTS Hayling Island, 30.9. (JMW). S. ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 1.10 (AJD).
[GONEPTERYX CLEOPATRA L. (1). E. KENT: Temple Ewell, Dover, 28.7, in garden (RC).]
NYMPHALIS POLYCHLOROS L. (2). E. KENT: Whitstable, 8.7 (CJR, Ent. Rec. 93: 237); E. SUSSEX: Catisfield, 4.4, basking on a wall and apple tree (JF).
NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L. (1) SURREY: South Croydon, in garden (RS, Ent. Rec. 93: 241).
DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. AND CYNTHIA VIRGINIENSIS Drury, see Annexe III
aoe RUBIGINATA Hufn. (1) E. KENT: Dungeness, 5.8 (DEW teste BS).
RHODOMETRA SACRARIA L. 21 W. CORNWALL: Mawnan Smith, 16.9, male, 1.10, male (APF), S. ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 15.9, male, 27.9, male (AJD). S. HANTS: Highcliffe, 14.9 (EPW); Winchester, 20.9 (DCS). E. KENT: Rochester, 10.9; Tenterden 12.9, male, 19.9, 30.9, male (A.J.G.B.); Sandwich, 14.9, male disturbed at 4 p.m. (JMC-H). SURREY: Addiscombe, 10.9, male, 11.9, male, 26.9, female (KAGE). E. SUSSEX; Ninfield, 28.9, 30.9 (MP per CRP). W. SUSSEX: Wiston, 15.9 (RL per CRP); Rogate, 20.9, male; 21.11, male, 22.11, female, both ab. labda oy WARWICKS. Charlecote, 4.10, by day (DCGB, Ent. Rec. 93:
87 IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1981
ORTHONAMA OBSTIPATA F. (c. 10). S. ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 8.7, 11.9 (SFD, AJD). S. HANTS: Winchester, 15.9. (DHS); Hayling Is., 15.10, male (JMW). SURREY: Betchworth, 28.5, male (CH). W SUSSEX: Wiston, 29.7, 1.8 (RL per CRP). SCILLY: 13/20.10, several at ivy (NH).
AGRIUS CONVOLVULI L. (21) S. DEVON: Bigbury-on-Sea, 12.9, female at rest (R. Owen per DFO); Lyme Regis, 13.9, male at rest on boat in harbour (KAGE). DERBYSHIRE: Ilkeston, 9.9, male (AB per CRP), Alfreton, 30.9, a.m., at rest on a coat (AB per CRP). DORSET: Bridport, 20.9 (GC per TWH). N. ESSEX: Hatfield Broad Oak, 15.7 (per BMcR). E. KENT: Folkestone, 28.9, female, 7.10, male (RFB). N. E. LINCS: South Thoresby, 22.8 (REMP). ORKNEY: Holm, 15.9, ona school wall (RIL). SURREY: Leigh, 26.9, 28.9 (RF); Chiddingfold, 29.9 (SC). E. SUSSEX: Eastbourne town, c.17.9, on a parked car (CM per CRP); Peacehaven, 29.9, female at nicotiana: no ova present (CRP).W.SUSSEX: Plaistow, 22.9 (SC); Walberton, 27.9, 30.9, 4.10 (JTR per CRP); Wiston, 29.9 (RL per CRP). S. E. YORKS: Filey, 5.10, 10 a.m., very battered on ground near cliff top (PQW).
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. (1 adult, 11 larvae). KENT, E.: Dover, 28.9, female. E. SUSSEX: Heathfield, 14/18.9., eleven almost fully grown larvae on potato plants (DO’K per BS).
HYLES GALLII Rott. (1 adult, 2 larvae). ISLE OF WIGHT: Great Combe Wood, 2.30 p.m., one at rest (FHC, Ent. Rec. 93: 239). E. SUSSEX, Lullington Heath, 10.9, larva confirmed by photo (B. Lloyd per CRP). N. E. YORKS: Scarborough district, 13.9, fully fed larva, which pupated 17.10, confirmed at Museum (per PQW).
[LYMANTRIA DISPAR L. (1) SURREY: Ewhurst, 5.7, worn male at light; later inquiry shows that this probably resulted from local rearing in captivity (SD].
EUROIS OCCULTA L. (3) E. KENT: Newington, nr. Sittingbourne, 2.9 (PJJ), E. NORFOLK: Irstead, 28.7 (CH). S. E. YORKS: Muston, 7.9 female, infertile ova (PQW).
MYTHIMNA ALBIPUNCTA D. & S. (1) DORSET: Milton Abbey, 29.9, male (RDB).
MYTHIMNA VITELLINA Hbn. (7) W. CORNWALL; 29.5, worn male (APF). E. CORNWALL: Par, 19.5 (per CRP). MID CORK: Fountainstown, before 23.9 (AAM). S. ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 2.10 (AJD). S. HANTS: Highcliffe, 31.10 (EPW). W. SUSSEX: Walberton, 11.9, 30.9 (JTR per CRP).
MYTHIMNA UNIPUNCTA Haw. (17) W. CORNWALL: Mawnan Smith, 16.9, 28.9, 29.9, 30.9 (2), 21.11, all males (AJP). ESSEX: Bradwell- on-Sea, 28.10 (AJD). S. HANTS: Highcliffe, 20.9., 23.9, 26.9, 27.9, 3.10 (EHW); Hayling Island, 27.9, 28.9, 29.9, 3.10, 9.10 (JMW). E. SUSSEX: Beachy Head, 15.9 female at light, lacking ova (CRP).
TATHORHYNCHUS EXSICCATA Led. (1) W. CORNWALL: Mawnan Smith, 22.11, male (APF).
SPODOPTERA EXIGUA Hbn. (2) E. SUSSEX: Ringmer, 22.11 (CRP). W. SUSSEX: Rogate, 4.6 (JACG).
HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA Hbn. (1) W. SUSSEX: Walberton, 7.10 (JTR).
HELIOTHIS PELTIGERA D. & S. (1) WARWICKS: Charlecote, 4.10, among clover by day (DCGB).
[DELTOTE BANKIANA Hbn. E. KENT: nr. Sandwich, 4.7, a short series and more later (NFH), 4.7, one (TWH, Ent. Rec., 93: 204): apparently now breeding here.]
TRICHOPLUSIA NI Hbn. (2) W. CORNWALL: Kynance Cove, 26.8 (BE). DORSET: Portland, 5.9 (NMH).
DIACHRYSIA ORICHALCEA F. (1) W. SUSSEX: Walberton, 12.8 (JTR per
CRP). CATOCALA FRAXINI L. (1) S. HANTS: Lymington, 1.10, female (AH). (To be continued)
88
Letter to the Editor
Dear Sir,
On reading the reports of entomological holidays which are published from time to time, one striking feature is that collecting is almost if not entirely confined to daytime activities; may I there- fore put forward a plea through the Record for collectors to include some night work during their holidays? The fact that there is scope for breaking fresh ground in this respect during a Continental holiday was Lrought home to me when I bought the first two moth volumes of Mariposas de la Peninsula Iberica, a work on Spanish and Portuguese lepidoptera very much on the same lines as Heath’s Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Time and again question marks appear on the distribution maps, and in the chapter on moth collecting, the authors discuss sugaring, adding that little use has been made of this technique in the Iberian Peninsula. And it was thanks to the use of the m.v. lamp that Endromis versicolora L. was first discovered in Spain in 1964. Who knows what other discoveries there still remain to be made? — C. L. NISSEN, Batiment F2, App. 271, Residence Beausejour, ave. Clemenceau, 77100 Meaux, France, 15.iii.82.
Current Literature
The Oxford Book of Insects by John Burton and others. 213 + viii pp, 96 pp of colour illustration. Oxford University Press, 1981. Pocket edition £2.50.
This volume is a reduced format version of the 1979 edition. Measuring 11 x 15 cm it is certainly pocket-sized, although the paper cover would not last long if used in this mode. The work follows the format of other “Oxford” books in this series — after a brief intro- duction to each group there is a concise but informative description of each species considered, with the illustration appearing on the opposite page. The volume concludes with a small section on classifi- cation and structure of insects, notes on the various orders, a brief bibliography (listing a number of works that are virtually unob- tainable) and an index.
The standard of illustration is very high for a popular work, and the reviewer was able to recognise most of the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera illustrated! Nearly 800 species are shown, most in ‘natural’ poses against a background of appropriate food plant. The illustrations have suffered a little from reduction — some of the Diptera are rather dark, and some larvae are unrecognisable. The nomenclature, at least for the Lepidoptera, is from the ‘South’ era, and authors are not given for scientific names. The coverage of orders is uneven, with Lepidoptera predominating.
Despite these minor criticisms the text and illustrations provide excellent value for money. For the general naturalist this probably ranks amongst the best available popular works on insects. — PAUL SOKOLOFF.
THE ‘TYPES’ OF MANIOLA JURTINA SPLENDIDA WHITE (LEPIDOPTERA: SATYRIDAE)
By GEORGE THOMSON*
Between the years 1871 and 1872 Dr. Francis Buchanan White wrote and published his fine work /nsecta Scotica in serial form in the Scottish Naturalist. Although his travels took him to many parts of Britain and Europe collecting and studying Macro- and Microlepi- doptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera as well as other invertebrates and plants, he never neglected his native Scotland or Perthshire the county town of which was his home for most of his life. His superb collection survives almost intact apart from some specimens of Macrolepidoptera which have mysteriously disappeared, some im- portant Coleoptera which were transferred to the British Museum (Natural History) and his Hemiptera which are said to have been loaned to a museum in the United States in the 1920s and which have never been returned.
FIG. 1 FIG. 2
FIG. 3 FIG. 4
Maniola jurtina splendida White. Figs. 1 and 2, male syntype upper- side and underside respectively. Figs. 3 and 4, female syntype upperside and underside respectively. All natural size.
The Rhopalocera section of Insecta Scotica lists some thirty- six species occurring in the country, although this number includes unconfirmed species such as Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus), Argynnis adippe (Denis and Schiffermuller) and Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus). He discounts Erebia ligea (Linnaeus) and does not include Cartero-
*Department of Biology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA.
90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
cephalus palaemon (Pallas) which was not found in Scotland until more than thirty years after his death. The only mention of a ‘new’ butterfly in this section of his work is the form of Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus) called splendida which he describes thus:
“Var. (and ab.) splendida. — Larger and brighter coloured; the apical spot of the front wing with two