GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

WILLARD C. 8RINTON

1939

%^

From the collection of the

o Prepiger ^ JUibrary

a

t P

San Francisco, California 2008

/$

<e. $.''>i''*^

a

C^-A

									TT ^ Unitid Sutci 1 ^^^^^H America
									]	o t « •< »
									■llllimrMg
								A	^■■UM*-VM
								■^^^^^l Gcnnanjr
			^			1	J Dcomark
							Portug'al
							^■^"'"■■iiiiil ^B
							Flandcn
						Han* Town*
			^^		Venice Ic Genoa
\					1 ' ^^	Spain
				Co«...n..nopl.	w * z K "1
1				Alexandria
								Rome
								Canhag^e
								Uraellr Jttda
									Greece
									1 Tyra.fid** •nd Kino<olur«
									AMlrian Emf ir*.
									' Egypt
		! :			III' C c <	1 « E	1 , 1 1 1 1	1 J \ i	1 1^ U4^	II M 5 5

tjse

1U4 Ymmrt

From Frontispiece of Book by WILLIAM PLAYFAIR, An Inquiry Into the Permanent Causes of the Dechne and Fall of Powerful and Wealthy Nations,

London, 1805.

M

Dedicated

IN HONOR of

WILLIAM PLAYFAIR

FIRST EXPONENT OF GRAPHIC CHARTS FOR GENERAL USE

Born at Benvie, Scotland, 1 759 Died in London, England, 1823

DRAFTSMAN-ENGINEER With James Watt 1780

MANUFACTURER

AUTHOR:

THE COMMERCIAL AND POLITICAL ATLAS. 1st ed., 1786; 2nd ed., 1787; 3rd ed., 1801

TABLEAUX D'ARITHMETIQUE LINEAIRE DU COMMERCE, 1789

LINEAL ARITHMETIC, 1798

STATISTICAL BREVIARY, 1801

AN INQUIRY INTO THE PERMANENT CAUSES OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF POWERFUL AND WEALTHY NATIONS. 1st ed, 1805; 2nd ed., 1807

STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA By D. F. DONNANT. Translated From the French By WILLIAM PLAYFAIR. Chart and Preface Also By WILLIAM PLAYFAIR. 1805

A LETTER ON OUR AGRICULTURAL DISTRESSES, 1st ed., 1821; 2nd ed., 1822; 3rd ed., 1822

CAN THIS CONTINUE?, 1822

The above titles by William Playfair are all, thus far located, which contain graphic charts. The total number of books by William Playfair is perhaps one hundred.

TOPICAL INDEX (1st Half) J '

Place rif^ht thumb on triangle, finders inside back cover. Spin pa^es to desired chapter. ,

9-15 Preface — 1- —

16-23 1. Introduction

25- 32 2. Graphic Narrative 33- 42 3. Tabulation

43- 52 4. Classification Charts

53- 58 5. Geneology and Genetics Charts

59- 67 6. Organization Charts

68-72 7. Relationship Charts

73- 80 8. Flow Charts

81- 91 9. Sector Charts

92- 97 10. 100% Bar Charts

98-105 11. Comparison of 100% Bar Charts 106-114 12. Multiple Bar Charts

115-120 13. Contrasting Bar Charts —

121-131 14. Pictorial Unit Bar Charts

132-141 15. Comparison of Component Bar Charts

142-148 16. Bilateral Bar Charts

149-152 17. Area Bar Charts

1 53-1 60 18. General Use of Maps

1 61 -1 69 19. Guide and Route Maps

170-177 20. Relief and Aerial Maps

178-186 21. Crosshatched and Colored Maps

187-193 22. Dot and Pin Maps

194-199 23. Maps with Circles and Sector Charts 200-207 24. Maps with Bar Charts

208-210 25. Maps with Curve Charts

211-215 26. Maps with Symbols

216-230 27. Flow Maps

231-237 28. Contour Maps

238-242 29. Distorted Maps

243-246 30. Rating Charts

(For 2nd Half of TOPICAL INDEX, See Page 247)

MAGIC IN GRAPHS

■■■HERE is a magic in graphs. The profile of a curve reveals in "J "J a flash a whole situation — the life history of an epidemic, a Mfelp^nic, or an era of prosperity. The curve informs the mind, awakens the imagination, convinces.

Graphs carry the message home. A universal language, graphs convey information directly to the mind. Without complexity there is imaged to the eye a magnitude to be remembered. Words have wings, but graphs interpret. Graphs are pure quantity, stripped of verbal sham, reduced to dimension, vivid, unescapable.

Graphs are all inclusive. No fact is too slight or too great to plot to a scale suited to the eye. Graphs may record the path of an ion or the orbit of the sun, the rise of a civilization, or the accelera- tion of a bullet, the climate of a century or the varying pressure of a heart beat, the growth of a business, or the nerve reactions of a child.

The graphic art depicts magnitudes to the eye. It does more. It compels the seeing of relations. We may portray by simple graphic methods whole masses of intricate routine, the organization of an enterprise, or the plan of a campaign. Graphs serve as storm signals for the manager, statesman, engineer; as potent narratives for the actuary, statist, naturalist; and as forceful engines of research for science, technology and industry. They display results. They disclose new facts and laws. They reveal discov- eries as the bud unfolds the flower.

The graphic language is modern. We are learning its alphabet. That it will develop a lexicon and a literature marvelous for its vividness and the variety of application is inevitable.

Graphs are dynamic, dramatic. They may epitomize an epoch, each dot a fact, each slope an event, each curve a history. Wher- ever there are data to record, inferences to draw, or facts to tell, graphs furnish the unrivalled means whose power we are just be- ginning to realize and to apply.

HENRY D. HUBBARD

National Bureau of Standards Washington, D. C.

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

By

WILLARD COPE BRINTON, S. B.

Consulting Engineer

Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Organizer and Chair- man, Joint Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, Formed 1914 Through Am.Soc.M.E., as Sponsor. Fellow, American Statistical Associa- tion; Vice President, 1919. Author Graphic Methods for Presenting Facta, 1914, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

^VWx^. Q,, \\^^

BRINTON ASSOCIATES

New York City 1939

This book was planned with the hope of inspiring more and better factual presentation. If proper credits are given, any rea- sonable portion of this book may be quoted without further consent. However, to copy any materials here credited to others, care must be exercised to secure permission from the original sources.

Copyright, Brinton Associates, 1939 First Edition

Also by Willard C. Brinton

GRAPHIC METHODS FOR PRESENTING FACTS. 1914

Published by McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

New York City

Printed in the United States of America

TABLE OF CONTENTS

When a chapter name or number is given as a reference, turn to the Topical Index, either on Page 1 or Page 247, and spin pages to the desired chapter.

Chapter Page

Preface 9

1. Introduction 16

Brief History of Development of Graphic Methods.

2. Graphic Narrative 25

Early Drawings. Picture Comparisons. Sequence Pictures. Pro- cedure Charts. Sports Stories. Basic English.

3. Tabulation 33

Tallying. Methods of Tabulating. Graphic Tabulation. Machine Tabulation.

4. Classification Charts 43

Use of Arrows and Brackets in Classification. Time-Period Clas- sification. Block Classification.

5. Genealogy and Genetics Charts 53

Standard Symbols. Trait-Tracing Charts. Family Tree. Pedigree Charts. Genealogical Chart Sheets. Other Uses for Genealogy Charts.

6. Organization Charts 59

Geographical Divisions. Government and Business Organization. Functional Charts.

7. Relationship Charts 68

Interrelations.

8. Flow Charts 73

Source and Distribution Chart. Traffic Chart. Activity Chart. Cost-Accounting Chart. Cosmograph.

9. Sector Charts 81

Area and Angle Comparisons. Subdivided Sector Charts. Cumu- lative Charts. Charts Showing Assets and Liabilities.

10. 100% Bar Charts 92

Single Bars. Bar Chart Stamp. Percentage Distributions. Cumulative Charts.

11. Comparison of 100% Bar Charts 98

Groups of Bars. Distribution and Percentage Comparisons.

12. Multiple Bar Charts 106

Value Comparisons. Bars on an Illustration.

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Chapter P««e

13. Contrasting Bar Charts 115

Variation in Shadings. Crosshatchings, and Colors. Optical Illusion.

14. Pictorial Unit Bar Charts 121

Rows of Figures. Visual Captions.

15. Comparison of Component Bar Charts 132

Divided Bars Comparing Values. Comparison of 100% Bars and Component Bar Charts. Stair Charts.

16. Bilateral Bar Charts 142

Profit and Loss Data. Deviations from Normal.

17. Area Bar Charts 149

Area Comparisons. 100% Square.

18. General Use of Maps 153

Source of Maps. Base Maps. Map Projection. Borgia Map. Orange-Peel Map.

19. Guide and Route Maps 161

Proposed Routes. Transmission Lines. Maps Showing Sourcfe of Materials. Geographic Organization Charts. Comparisons of Geographic Areas. Pictorial Maps.

20. Relief and Aerial Maps 170

Oldest Known Map. Bird's-Eye View Maps. Diagram Maps. Statistical Relief Maps. Block Diagrams. Azimuthal Projection.

21. Crosshatched and Colored Maps 178

Comparison of Ben Day Shadings and Colors. Sampling Maps. Density Maps. Mechanical Intensity Shading Map.

22. Dot and Pin Maps 187

Map Marking Devices. Slave Maps. Bell System Map.

23. Maps With Circles and Sector Charts 194

Scales for Areas of Circles. Census Data. Distribution. Migration.

24. Maps With Bar Charts 200

Traffic Charts. Historical Maps. Map from New York World's Fair, 1939.

25. Maps With Curve Charts 208

Moving Averages. Precipitation.

26. Maps With Symbols 211

Quantitative and Qualitati«ve Data. Pictorial Units.

27. Flow Maps 216

Flow of Goods. TrafRc Maps. Weather Maps. Hurricane Maps. Traffic Time.-Zones Map. Chart by M. Minard.

28. Contour Maps 231

Topographic Maps. Weather Maps. Before and After Comparisons.

29. Distorted Maps 238

Rectangular Maps. Population.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

30. Rating Charts 243

Tabulation Form. Mental Development. Safety Records.

31. Chronology Charts 248

Time Analysis and Time Studies. Chart for Assigning Vacations.

32. Progress Charts 256

Time Studies. Material Control Board. Production Progress Chart. Gantt Charts.

33. Curve Charts 263

One Curve on a Grid. Visual Captions. Historical Labels. Stair Charts. Deviation from Normal.

34. Comparison With Two Curves 275

Cumulative Curves. Causal Relationships. High-Low Curves. Lag.

35. Comparisons With Curves 286

Progressive Average and Moving Average Curves. Normal Trend.

36. Component Parts Shown by Curves 294

Component Parts in Curve Form. Percentage Charts. Band Charts. Use of Brackets.

37. Index Numbers Shown by Curves 301

Comparison of Index Charts with Numerical Value Charts. Mul- tiple Axis Graph.

38. Frequency Charts 310

Frequency Distribution. Bell-Curve Chart. Distribution in a Circle. Optical Illusion.

39. Correlation Charts 320

Relationships Between Variables. Scatter Charts. Standard Deviation. Break-Even Charts.

40. Ogive and Lorenz Charts 331

Probability Paper Charts.

41. Ratio Charts 339

Comparison of Ratio and Arithmetic Scale. Key for Selecting Ratio Scale. Method of Ruling Ratio Paper. Index Numbers Curves. Cumulative Curves.

42. Three-Dimensional Methods 354

Models. Perspective Drawings. Photographs. Isometric Block Diagram. Isometric Protractor. Trilinear Chart.

43. Composite Charts 360

Methods of Combining Various Types of Charts.

44. Suggestions for Making a Chart 367

Helpful Techniques. Sources of Materials. Methods of Lettering. Ink Colors. Crayons. Colored Papers.

45. Standards for Time Series Charts 381

Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, Prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under Procedure of American Statistical

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Chapter Page

Association, with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers as Sponsor Body.

46. The Camera and Its Use 397

Photographic Effects. Color Photography. Photomontage.

47. Lantern Slides 405

Projectors. Slides. Screens. Suggestions for Placing Charts on Slides. Microfilm.

48. Preparation of Illustrations 410

Types of Illustrations. Preparation of Copy. Reproduction Media for Art Work. Handling Photographs. Shading Mediums and Shading Films. Halftone Screen Tints. Colors Used in This Book.

49. Color and Its Use 423

Discussion of Hue, Value, Chroma. Color Top. How Colors Appear to the Color Blind.

50. Methods of Reproducing 429

Gelatine Process Duplicating Machines. Blue Prints. Photostats. Mimeograph Process. Fluid Process Duplicator. Lithoprints. Multilith.

51. Methods of Printing 435

Relief, Planographic, and Intaglio Printing. Typesetting. Type Sizes and Styles. Photoengraving, Electrotyping, and Line Plates. Proofreaders' Marks.

52. Selection of Paper 443

Types of Paper. Considerations in the Selection of Paper. Bulk- ink Table.

53. Binding Techniques 449

Types of Binding. Binding Specifications. Imposition.

54. Graphic Charts in Advertising 454

Various Types of Graphic Charts in Advertising Material.

55. Quantitative Cartoons 464

Various Types of Graphic Charts in Cartoons.

56. Quantitative Posters 475

Various Types of Charts in Poster Form. Magazine Covers.

57. Displays and Exhibits 486

Mechanical Exhibits. Scale Models. Display Fixtures. Turn- tables. New York World's Fair Exhibits.

58. Dioramas 494

Dioramas in Process of Construction. Dissolving Diorama Exhibit. New York World's Fair Exhibits.

59. Graphic Charts in Conference Rooms 497

Board Rooms. Use of Projectors in Conference Rooms.

60. Glossary 501

Graphic Methods Vocabulary.

Index 506

PREFACE

TWENTY-FIVE years have passed since the publication of Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts in 1914. The continuing demand for Graphic Methods without revisions in a quarter century now incites curiosity as to the causes of that demand. So many excellent works relating to graphic charts or containing chapters on graphic presentation have appeared since 1914 that I had felt the field well covered without another book from me. This, in spite of the fact that I have published nothing regarding activities of my own relating to the 1914-1918 World War period.

Probably the feverish demand for prompt and reliable data during war times did more to stimulate the use of graphic chart technique than anything that has happened since 1920. Without realizing what was happening as the war flared, I found myself advising the executives of large corporations, gov- ernment departments, etc. World trade was disorganized, and the uncertainty of material supply required quick anal- ysis of all available data. For instance, in 1916, a New York silk manufacturer and I went to China and back again on the same steamer to determine the feasi- bility of building a new plant in Shang- hai to employ five thousand.

For one of my age at that time, it was a great privilege to have the oppor- tunity to develop some theories and put them in practice day by day with experienced executives whose decisions were so vital in those hectic war years. Establishing, in a Broadway office building, control methods for quicker "tum-arounds" of eighty-five ships chartered by the Belgian Relief Commis- sion had little relation to strategy in the president's office of a steel company with twenty thousand employees in Pittsburgh, or scheduling, at New Haven, Connecticut, two thousand tool makers scattered in shops throughout New England to assist in producing the light Browning machine gun by a company already working twenty-two thousand employees at the New Haven plant. During that period "Z" chart methods and unit card curve records were

^^^^ v/ay/zz^yy?

Signature of William Piayfair from a Letter to Thomas Jefferson Dated March 20, 1791

10

■I"

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

developed for use in fields much more specialized than would be of interest here. Also short map pins with spherical heads were created and placed on a quantity production basis. Through all the research of the World War period, the need was constantly evident for standardization so that graphic charts could be made and interpreted without possibility of misunderstanding. For general use, graphic charts must be simple. It is not, however, always easy to determine what is the utmost simplicity. Much depends on the method of approach. A semi-logarithmic chart may not be puzzling if you call it a ratio chart and make no mention of mathematics.

Since the close of the World War, other activi- ties have crowded into the background my in- terest in graphic charts and human reactions to them. It was impossible, however, to resist tearing from magazines and newspapers thousands of examples of particularly interesting or especially erratic graphic charts. These were added to ex- amples which had come, in what Hollywood would call "fan mail," from readers of Graphic Methods. As recently as twenty months ago there was still no expectation of my ever writing an- other book on the sub- ject.

Although I had been in Los Angeles many times and had passed the Huntington Library on John Playfair, the Brother of William Playfair

numerous occasions, I in his Inquiry, 1805, William Playfair stated that his

had never found time to brother taught him "that whatever can be ex-

visit it Then after pressed in numbers, may be expressed by lines."

,, / . . , J To the "best and most affectionate of brothers,"

months of mtensive study ,,,.„. ™ , .

William Playfair owed "the invention of these

Charts."

ill

■I"

PREFACE

of some problems in Los Angeles in which graphic presentation had proved particularly effective in crystallizing opinion on a complex situation. I visited the Huntington Library on the last day before starting North and East. While observing some unusually fine types of early bookbinding and the repairs made to the bindings on some of the Library's most precious volumes, it occurred to me to ask the Librarian, Dr. Leslie Bliss, what books the library had by William Playfair, to whom this book is dedicated. In a few minutes there was brought to us the only one they had listed under William Playfair:

STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

by D. F. DoNNANT

•

Translated from the French by William Playfair

With an Addition on the Trade to America,

For the Use of Commercial Men,

By the Sanie.

•

London 1805

As we looked through this book, I exclaimed to Dr. Bliss, "Here is the earliest example of a sector chart," and then noticed beneath the one illustra- tion the inscription, "This Newly invented Method is intended to shew the Proportions between the divisions in a Striking Manner." See Page 81.

I was also much struck by the fact that the subject matter of the book referred to industry, commerce, and finance in the United States, that the preface by William Playfair mentioned conversations between himself and Thomas Jefferson, that the book was inscribed to Jefferson, and that twenty- five copies had been sent to him.

When I wrote Graphic Methods in 1914. I had never heard of William Playfair. Two years later a friend in Pittsburgh sent me a marked catalogue of a London bookseller listing a book Lineal Arithmetic, 1798, by William

11

ill

12

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Playfair. Out of curiosity. I wrote asking that the book be reserved and that a price quotation be sent. A few weeks later, upon returning from out of the city, I was astonished to find the EngHsh book seller's bill for ten shillings, six pence. Elsewhere in my accumulated mail was the book itself. On the title page the publisher's price is printed, "Price 10s. 6d." Neither the New York Public Library nor the Library of Congress had this book. Each of these libraries has since photostatted my volume for inclusion with the few examples of other Playfair works which they own. About 1916, I had various photostats made from these Playfair books, but had never followed up clues on Playfair, the man. The Playfair search has widened since the chance inquiry made at the Huntington Library a year ago. Questions still continue.

With all that Playfair did to show the effectiveness of graphic chart methods from his first book, published in 1786 at the age of twenty-seven, till his death in 1823, why have not graphic charts become more thoroughly established as a universal language? Another interest was aroused as to the part which engineers have played in the development of the graphic lan- guage, since I noted in California that William Playfair was apprenticed in Scotland as a machinist and later became a draftsman for James Watt before writing on a wide variety of subjects. There are about 100 titles by Playfair on record. The story of William Playfair, still developing, may yet have large gaps. Location of those writings relating to graphic charts, however, appears to be fairly well completed.

This book is another contribution from the engineering profession, although written for general use rather than the technical field, on much the same general ideas as expressed in Graphic Methods in 1914. The 1914 book was written largely to disclose some of the fallacies that occur when graphic charts are used loosely without the basis of accuracy essentially associated with the work of people with an engineering background.

Until the last decade or so, the use of graphic charts seemed to be progress- ing sanely and fairly rapidly with no more guidance than resulted from the extremely brief preliminary report of the Joint Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, published in 1915. In recent years, some weeds seem to have sprung up to retard the growth of the more cultivated graphics which had been developing strongly with numerous offshoots since the World War stimulus. As in a garden where there is sometimes the policy of deciding in the early stages which are weeds and which are plants that will be productive, it has not been easy to find a method for defining good graphic charts as compared with poor or downright obnoxious charts. What is believed to be a satisfactory method was found in the old story of the blind men who reported on the characteristics of an elephant. Good graphic presentation should be susceptible to only one interpretation.

Recently even official government documents have been using a type of graphics which found its first major use in European countries having a low

PREFACE

13

percentage of literacy. When the same European methods have been pushed on a commerciaHzed basis in America, little attempt has been made to follow existing American standards or trends toward the development of an ultimate universal language. The tendency has been to use stock symbols over and over again because they are cheaper to reproduce than special drawings designed for each particular problem of presentation.

The first part of this book up through page 366 deals with "How to Read a Chart." The section from page 366 to page 452 treating the subject "How to Make a Chart," is necessarily condensed, and gives suggestions rather than detailed instructions.

The illustrations in this book have been selected from the standpoint of interesting subject matter as well as to show representative types of graphic

AND All h^ere in the ivrong!

Good Presentafion Should Be Susceptible to Only One interpretation

It was six men of Indostan The Fourth (knee) "Is very like a tree!" To learning much inclined,

Who went to see the Elephant (Though all of them were blind.)

That each by observation Might satisfy his mind.

The Fifth (ear) "Is mighty like a fan!"

The Sixth (tail) "Is very like a rope!"

The First (side) "Is very like a wall!"

The Second (tusk) "Is very like a spear!"

The Third (trunk) "Is very like a snake!"

And so these men of Indostan

Disputed loud and long, Each in his own opinion

Exceeding stiff and strong Though each was partly in the right.

And all were in the wrong!

From John Godfrey Saxr. "The Blind Men and the Elephant". CIrvrr Slnrin nl Many Natir>n> R^-ndrred in Rhime. 1865.

14

■I"

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

charts. Words are carefully studied before they are qualified for admittance in a dictionary. No one knows how many distinct types of graphic charts are already in established use.

Beneath the majority of the illustrations included here, there is a notation of "SCALE" to indicate the percentage reproduction of the original. In judg- ing the effectiveness of any presentation it should be clearly kept in mind that, as here reduced, the illustration can not be as effective as in the size originally published. Also in the process of photographing, particularly in those charts taken from newsprint paper, the illustration is less clear. Half- tones which here appear too black have been photographed from previously printed halftones rather than from original photographs.

If the subject matter of any illustration is of special interest to the user of this book, a reading glass may be used to enlarge the detail.

Because a frame around the chart may be interpreted falsely as a zero line, or base line, the liberty has been taken to remove frames from many illustra- tions. Changes have also been made in lettering or other details, when neces- sary, for reproduction in reduced sizes.

It should be clearly understood that this book would not have been feasible except for the photo offset process of reproduction and color printing.

The use of color has been a gamble— many of the charts here shown in color were originally black and white. It was impossible to foresee results obtained from hundreds of lay-outs sent to the printer. Changes may seem obvious in the final printed form.

Designs at the top and bottom of color pages may appear incongruous with some of the color combinations in the body of the page. Varied color designs were inserted with the thought that the user of this book might gain from our experiments and select certain effects appropriate for his own par- ticular problem.

In order to test whether color is worth while in graphic presentation, color has here been literally splashed on. In folding printed sheets for sewing into bookbinders' signatures, every other pair of pages evolve from one side of the printed sheet of paper. Thus, if color is printed on only one side, a reader finds color on every other pair of pages in the book. In this way it is possible for the reader of this book to judge the effect of color on the varied types of charts shown in the 60 chapters simply by turning the pages two at a time. It is believed the evidence is conclusive that to get maximum results in graphic presentation the question is not "Can one afford to use color?" but "Can one afford to omit color.?"

This book Graphic Presentation results from the work of many people. It would not have been possible except for the charts produced by the indi- viduals and organizations to whom credit is given under many of the 676 illustrations. The illustrations were selected from thousands of clippings

■■■

PREFACE

which I could not resist saving during the 25 years that have elapsed since publication of Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts in 1914.

The chapter on selection of paper was prepared by Mr. W. B. Gibson, of the Mead Sales Corporation, in consultation with officers of various trade associations. My wife, Laura M. Brinton, did practically all the work in preparation of Chapter 46, "The Camera and Its Use"; Chapter 47, "Lantern Slides," and Chapter 49, "Color and Its Use." Miss Audrey W. Zeigler, of Newburgh. New York, made all the drawings used as the headings of chap- ters. Mr. R. R. Lutz, of the National Industrial Conference Board, made valuable suggestions in the early stages of planning the book, particularly regarding the possibilities for the use of color. Mr. Roy S. McElwee, and numerous others read manuscript and contributed suggestions as the book progressed. In planning the printing, many helpful ideas were given by Mr. Edward N. Mayer, Jr., of Gray Photo Offset Corporation. The cooperation of the entire staff of that organization is appreciated. Personally I regret that frequent absences from the city have prevented that close contact which I should have preferred to give to such fascinating subject matter.

Methods of graphic presentation and new types of charts will continue to evolve through processes of human ingenuity as need arises. There is need for classification and comparison of types noting the advantage of each type and making all types available for general use internationally. Nomenclature alone is deserving of careful attention far beyond the range of any one indi- vidual.

In the discussion of these matters in Washington, D. C, during the past year the Honorable Kent E. Keller, member of the House of Representatives from Illinois, and Chairman of the House Committee on the Library of Con- gress, has been of great assistance in exploring the possibilities. Mr. Keller's unusual range of knowledge and experience in education, medicine, law, engineering, publishing, and mining, coupled with residence in Europe and Mexico, served in determining potentialities for not only a central file of graphic charts by types, but also a comprehensive file of graphic material arranged for quick reference and classified according to subject matter.

William Playfair, from his first book in 1786 throughout his writings to his death in 1823, mentioned the possibility that a graphic language could be an international language assisting in better relations between nations of different tongues. As this is written, with international conditions throughout the world unsettled and getting worse, there seems more than ever before a need for such a common graphic language as William Playfair envisioned.

WILLARD COPE BRINTON. New York City Sept. 6, 1939

15

1 16

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Wh

hy have graphic methods been so tardy in developing? Three things in combination are necessary before visual methods of presentation can be adequately used.

1. Accurate factual data readily available.

2. Competent drafting talent to chart the data on a standard- ized basis.

3. Equipment and organization for reproducing the charted data at a cost not too high compared to the printed word.

Until mankind developed reasonably cheap paper, there was no convenient method for preserving quantitative data. The study

"One hundred rumors are not comparable to one look."

An Old Chinese Inscription

of statistical records and the developing of policies from facts had to wait until records gradually accumulated. The making of paper and the preserving of records developed rapidly after the invention of loose-type printing about 1450.

At the time William Playfair wrote his first book on graphics in 1786, the word "statistics" had not come into general use. The word itself is derived from "state." The state first had to keep records of tax rolls, collections, and various government activities. Playfair lamented the inadequacy of historical data in a number of his writings; for instance, in Commercial and Political Atlas of 1801: "Had our ancestors represented the gradual increase of their com- merce and expenditures, if it had not been an object of utility, it would

INTRODUCTION

17

at least have been one of curiosity; but had records, written in this sort of shape [plotted curves] and speaking a language that all the world understands, existed at this day, of the commerce and revenue of ancient nations, what a real acquisition would it not have been to our stock of knowledge! In place of which, a few detached facts are col- lected and brought forward as the only criterion from which we can judge of the manners and wealth of the ancient world.

"It is not only of importance that this species of information should be handed down, but also that it should go down in such a form and manner as that any person might, even though a native of another country, understand the nature of the business delineated.

". . . If we could have a copy of the custom-house books of Carth- age or Tyre for a hundred years, what value might not be set on them! These charts [Playfair's] will be for future nations the same thing that the ancient records we so much desire would be for us now. . . ."

If we search into the past for factual data, we naturally think of libraries. If we could now examine the libraries as they existed at intervals of one hundred years, say one, two, three or four cen- turies back, what would we find? Probably very little factual

Courtesy of American Chicle Company — Makers of Dentyne Gum

The First Agricultural Report

18

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

information. Even books in our grandfathers' attics, if classified, would be short on factual material and long on abstruse discussion of theories, most of which were of a religious nature or perhaps vaguely astronomic or otherwise theoretical considerations of the universe.

The development of printing and the gradual cheapening of paper resulted in people of Europe and this country being exposed not to pictures but to more and more words, words not only from the printed page but from ministers of the gospel who, being of the educated class and able to read, obtained their inspiration from the printed material which came to them.

Let us consider bookmaking in the early days from the stand- point of cost. There would seem to be little reason why illustra- tions should not be generally used. Books were made from wooden blocks even before the use of movable metal type. Illuminated manuscripts and early books of similar pattern used illustrative methods which today we would think prohibitive from the cost standpoint. Labor must have been relatively cheap, especially in monasteries or other religious institutions which in those days pro- duced so much of the literary output. Probably there was nothing whatever to prevent the development of illuminated graph charts long before the days of William Playfair except lack of reliable factual data from which to make the charts. People of those days must have found out, just as we find out so often now, that if we start to chart our facts, we are frequently stopped by the startling insufficiency of the data, the annoyance that the data may have a single gap in its continuity, or that the data have not been kept on a uniform basis over the period of time under consideration.

Organization of data on a rectangular field would appear to be so obvious that it might have been done fairly early by scholars in different countries, if they had had much data to study. The printed page with its lines of words proceeding from left to right is in itself a coordinate field, the lay-out of which required careful thought from those who produced the illuminated manuscripts or books which are so fascinating to us now. Descartes in 1637 pub- lished his works on geometry which firmly established the method of rectangular coordinates when used for mathematical formulas. Those who are interested in the history of graphic presentation will find the sequences well brought out in a paper of one hundred and thirty- five pages by H. Gray Funkhouser, published in Osiris, Volume Three, Part One, 1937, available through the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C. Funkhouser dates the use of the coordinate field to astronomers and surveyors as far back as 140

:fBWK?!W5r.«

INTRODUCTION

19

B.C. when points in the earth's surface were located by means of their longitudes and latitudes. Oresme in 1350 in his Tractitus de Latitudinibus Formarum endeavored to represent graphically how an empirical curve might behave. As Funkhouser states, "If a pioneering contemporary had collected some data and presented Oresme with some facts to work on, we might have had statistical graphs four hundred years before Playfair."

Leonardo da Vinci antedated Descartes 77 years. Leonardo's genius in the natural sciences and as an engineer was so far in advance of his time that it would seem that he might have been familiar with rectangular coordinates. Recent examinations of his

notebooks, though not very con- clusive, seem to indicate that in his experiments regarding gravitation, his records of the velocity of fall- ing bodies were analyzed on a rectangular coordinate basis. See Volume M, Verso 40, Manuscripts of the Institute of France. He used horizontal distances to express time and vertical distances to show the space covered by falling balls when two were dropped together or one following the other. Leon- ardo, however, left no group to carry on his engineering works, which were little understood by his immediate contemporaries and successors. The American Statistical Association, formed in 1839, now cele- brating its one hundredth anniversary, is the earliest specialized scientific organization in this country. The American Philosophical Society, organized by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia, was, of course, earlier but its activities cover such a wide field as to put it in a different class. The American Society of Civil Engineers founded in 1876, was followed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1880 and then by numerous other en- gineering and scientific societies. The presentation of their papers in edited transactions has resulted in rapid advance in varied chart techniques.

In spite of all that Playfair pointed out a century and a half ago, and the interest shown by a few college instructors during recent years, there is still insignificant use of graphic presentation

Early Work on Books Was Done Monasteries

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

methods in the field of education. Educators themselves do rela- tively little to analyze the methods for transmitting facts and ideas.

At present most educators are graphically illiterate. An educator, or person with a message to give is referred to as : lecturer, speaker, orator, preacher, narrator, reciter, etc. These words generally imply the conveyance of a message through the ear without reference to the eye. Until the cinema was equipped with sound there was a move to use the word "optience" instead of "audience." Although the moving picture now combines perception through both the eye and the ear, the messages generally conveyed today by the motion picture are descriptive rather than quantitative. The moving pic- ture projector has not thus far been a great influence for intro- ducing the type of graphic presentation indicated in this book. Lantern slides, and more recently, slide films, have been important factors.

There are interesting possibilities if educational institutions would seriously study the methods for presenting ideas and facts, and then, as their instructors qualified in the new technique, designate each by the term "Presentor." In a similar way, a student might be called a "Perceivor." Each of these terms implies re-

•iiSf'45

H. Gray Punkhouser. "A Note on a Tenth Century Graph." OSIRIS. Vol. I. 1936.

A Tenth Century Graph That Forms a Part of a Manuscript Discovered by Sigmund Sunther in 1877

According to the article by Dr. Funkhouscr, from which this illustration was taken, the graph was meant to represent a plot of the inclinations of the planetary orbits as a function of the time.

INTRODUCTION

21

sponsibility for results. These terms are not limited in their scope to the field of education. Anyone planning a conference, conven- tion, committee, discussion, assembly, council, etc., might do well to consider the method for presenting the subject matter. How many of these meetings today are just talk? If each participant would consider himself as a Presentor of data or ideas that he is especially qualified to contribute to the group, there would be less misunderstanding and more conclusive action.

We are still expressing ourselves in meetings by the traditional methods the old patriarchs used to pass on the folklore of the tribe — by word of mouth. While the newspaper, the movie and the radio are being used to present descriptive material to secure public approval, quantitative presentations are relatively rare in publicity campaigns. The introduction of quantitative expression in every phase of life can lend itself to great future progress. There has been some discussion of the effectiveness of graphic methods to convey facts and ideas, but no comprehensive analysis has thus

Rene Descartes, 1596-1650

22

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

DEATH AFTER DARK

)930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937

25.000 24.000 23.000 22.000 21.000 20.000 19.000 )6.000 17.000 16.000 15.000 14.000 13.000

						/
						/
						/
						r
y	\,
y	\X
j/- —
^	\^	-^^^			^^^^	' — "
	\				^^'^^
	\	DAYLIGHT

How Charts Ought Not to Be Made

The omission of the zero line in this chart gives a false impression of the relative values of the number of accidents during the hours of darkness and

during daylight.

far been made measuring results from organized material carefully prepared and presented graphically.

The question is sometimes raised as to how you can present in graphic chart form, abstruse ideas which have not yet been reduced to words. Engineers and other people who are accustomed to using graphic methods are likely to approach the problem thinking graphically. They are apt to list the factors involved and then try different types of organization charts, etc., to work out the rela- tions and size of the different factors.

■m}ft^?i(:i'f'WfS!i:iii,-m

INTRODUCTION

23

I

1911 l*M !«• l«tO I9tl l»ll IttS IM4 Ittt l»t« t*tl Its* I9I* I«SO t«SI t«9t 1993 19S4 I99S t9SS I9S1

Ratio Chart Showing Prices of Non-Ferrous Metals in the United States fronts 1917 to 1937.

The above chart was reduced from one transmitted by Western Union automatic telegraph, showing that, as machines are installed, graphic charts may be sent from one city to another. Service is now available only in New York, Buffalo, and Chicago. Other cities will be added.

Graphic charts present unusually comprehensive data in con- densed form for analysis and interpretation. Major libraries should contain a division of graphic charts. Filing most of the material could be easily done by placing material in the usual letter vertical files. Provision should, of course, be made for cross references. Probably it would be desirable to have two sections, one for sci- entific and technical data, the other to contain all other material. To aid those studying graphic presentations, larger libraries would do well to have a separate file classified according to types of graphic charts, irrespective of the subject matter.

.a!(«K«««sws-^AS '.j'Sa

24

GENERAL REFERENCES

HISTORY OF GRAPHIC METHODS

Funkhouser, H. Gray, "Historical Development of the Graph- ical Representation of Statistical Data," Osiris, Vol. Ill, Part I, 1937

Walker, Helen M., Studies in the History of Statistical Method, Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md., 1929

GRAPHIC METHODS

Arkin, Herbert, and Raymond R. Colton, Graphs: How to Make and Use Them, Harper & Brothers, New York City, 1936

Brinton, Willard C, Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts. Mc- Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1914

Brown, Theodore H., Richmond F. Bingham, and V. A. Tem- nomeroff. Laboratory Handbook of Statistical Methods, Mc- Graw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1931

Chaddock, R. E., Principles and Methods of Statistics, Hough- ton Mifflin Co., New York City, 1935

Croxton, Frederick E., and Dudley J. Cowden, Applied General Statistics, Prentice Hall, Inc., New York, 1939

Crum, William L., Alson C. Patton, and Arthur R. Tebbutt, In- troduction to Economics Statistics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1938

Haskell, Allan C, Graphic Charts in Business, Codex Book Co., Norwood, Mass., 1928

Karsten, Karl G., Charts and Graphs, Prentice Hall, Inc., New York City, 1923

Riggleman, John R., and Ira N. Frisbee, Business Statistics, Mc- Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1938

Riggleman, John R., Graphic Methods for Presenting Business Statistics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1936

PREPARATION OF ANNUAL REPORTS

Selvage, James P., and Morris M. Lee, Making the Annual Report Speak for Industry, Compiled by National Association of Manufacturers, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York City, December 1938.

25

Chapter 2 GRAPHIC NARRATIVE

I

Oynonyms for graphic narrative are: ideographic drawings, pic- tograms, figurative symbols, pictographic charts, and hieroglyphs. Graphic narrative may involve the keeping of records, quality of materials, time, or quantities.

Walker Engraving Corporation, New York. SCALE .7

A Stone Age Man's Painting of a Bison.

1. Long before a written language had evolved, man recorded his actions and accom-

plishments in stone carvings and paintings.

2. Although it is not certain that the picture above is one of a bison which the painter

has slain, it is probable.

3. This early recognition of the value of a painting in preference to a verbal description

is the forerunner of the use of illustrations in modern textbooks.

26

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAPHIC NARRATIVE CHARTS

1. A picture is more universally understood than a word de- scription.

2. Graphic narrative is adaptable for poster use and has a great deal of popular appeal.

3. There are few rules for, or restrictions on, the use of graphic narratives.

4. Quantitative data may be shown or suggested in graphic narrative form. The picture may stand alone or may be accompanied by comments of explanation.

BASIC ENGLISH

Basic English is a system of 850 words and five simple rules for putting them together, which was the invention of Mr. C. K. Ogden of the Orthological Institute, Cambridge, England. It will do the work of 20,000 words of English for the normal purposes of trade, science, and everyday living. Special lists for general science and for any special science put the number of words up to 1,000, with

Liberty Magazine, April 13, 1929.

SCALE .9

The Pig Woman's Story of Her Movements and Observations on the Night of the Hall-Mills Murder.

This form of graphic narrative may be used to accompany fiction as well as fact. It is very simple in idea — it gives the story in time sequence.

GRAPHIC NARRATIVE

27

the addition of which the international signs of chemistry, for ex- ample, may be made to do their work at the expert level. Its interest for the writer of this book is that graphics — the interna- tional language of the eye — may be made completely international if Basic English is used where any words are necessary.

Basic may be learned in a month by a quick learner, working privately, or in a year or less in school. To the eye and ear it is not different from normal English, and it takes only a very short time to get the trick of writing and talking in it.

Of 1,500 living languages, only seven are used by more than sixty million persons. Of these seven, English is by far the commonest. It is the natural, or government language of six hundred million, it has for a long time been the second language of the Far East, and is now learned in schools in all parts of the earth. It is the lan- guage of the seas, of trade, to a great degree of science, of the mov- ing pictures and radio. Basic English is an international form of this most international of living tongues.

This account of the system is in Basic English.

Further facts about Basic English may be had from the Payne Fund, 1 Madison Avenue, New York City, or the Orthological Institute, Cambridge, England.

THE TEXTILE COMMUNITY -

occupies 880,000 homes

owns 700.000 automobiles

spends $3,000,000 on movies annually

owns 300,000 mechanical refrigerators eats 3,500,000 tons of food annually

Textile World. October m38, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled "Textiles a Source of Purchasing Power."

An Analysis of the Textile Community.

Without representing the pictorial items quantitatively, this form of graphic picture gives a concise analysis of the textile community. It was used effectively as an illus- tration for a public relations editorial.

28

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

l900rn^pT1T 0

"STREAMLINED STANDARDS OF LIVING CREATED BY MACHINE TOOL INDUSTRY

United States News, Washington, D. C, June 20, 1938. SCALE .6

A. The Story of American Efficiency in the Machine Tool Industry.

Here is a vivid story of the changes that have taken place in history. It is purely a quali- tative analysis: — the wagon has been replaced by the truck; the broom by the vacuum cleaner.

THREE-FOURTHS OF PIGS GO TO MARKET BY TRUCK

/^^^•kLi^

Automobile Manufacturers Association "Automobile Facts!' September l').}8

B. A Graphic Presentation of the Fact That Three-Fourths of the Pigs in the United States Go to Market by Truck.

The use of pictures to represent 3 out of 4 or 7 out of 10 or 4 out of 5 has been used for many years. It is still an effective method of presenting percentage analysis.

GRAPHIC NARRATIVE

29

Opponents

mAHHATTAn'S REVERSE Run

no3 <><ksscs s*t.L

TO NO* art FAKt SPIN

Nrw York Journnl and American. SCALE S

A. Famous Football Plays: Manhat- tan College Reverse Run.

An explanation of a football play, either before a game or after a game, is a well-known form of graphic nar- rative. Players on each side are indicated by squares, circles, or other distinctive symbols, and the movements of the various players are indicated by arrows.

The HHarvard-Yale Game of 1937. The Score Was 13 to 6 in Favor of Harvard.

After the "game," spectators often would like to have a picture of the various plays before them so that any confusion as to what actually did occur may be seen at a glance.

The work sheets from which the above chart was made were of heavy cardboard and easy to handle at the game. It may be possible that standards for this type of chart will evolve in the future.

FIRST HALF

O lO 20 30 40 so 40 30 ZO 10 G

SECOND HALF

« ID 20 30 40 so 40 30 20 lO G

^

H

■V^-N ^^^ v•^^ Sk^sJs/V«

ff^fcf <L

P

^-^

1

%.

%

^fH'i

««l

f<ZAP><

X^

(oity

u

• MA(?VARO O YALE CfOc^JH Victor O Jones, Sports Editor, Boston Globe.

30

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Compare the charts in this chapter With those in "Pictorial Unit Bar Charts," pages 121-131.

Redrawn from Fortune Magazine, February 1932.

The Use of Segments of Fruit to Represent Quantities.

With the modern emphasis on novelty, the use of segments of fruit to represent quantities should be an effective one. A quarter segment of a lemon to represent the produc- tion by the United States of a fourth of the world's lemons, or a half segment of grapefruit to represent the production by the United States of half the world's grapefruit, vi\>uld be much more vivid than the same information presented in verbal form or even bar-chart form.

GRAPHIC NARRATIVE

^f'^m-'^intn

V** cl»*«t* *k« ^l«f tm4 pl*m fm want t«w ■••k • I«*a- . . . TK« l<

. TK« l*fld»f. miwrvd. pr«.i4*t (K« <

t

FHA tpptmwti k «i<*ii il rMf .•!«•«• h Ymc Wwm mitt* fMmtm t% •M«iili«l

®-

Tk« ^nifn mnl b« .'ck.lK)»f<ll, ••u«<l riadil, uUabU

How to get an FHA-insiired mortgage — f^raphically told in words, pictures and charts

31

T1i« coMtrw«t*eM fiiMt b« 90«d. r««titi»9 w*«rh«r «nd t

T>.« pi»f m^n* b« prcctic*! (I«ft). not

*****,

vS

Eqwpivivnt mwit b« appropriat* to kcuM a^d na>9kb«r^o«d

Hou»f and Garden, June 1938 SCALE 6

The Procedure for Securing a Federal Housing Adnninisfration-lnsured Mortgage in the United States in 1938.

Stories have been told by pictures since prehistoric times. Here the story was told graphically but the verbal narrative was also included. The pictures attract atten- tion; the words make sure that the picture is understood; and the combination of the two results in the reader remembering the procedure for securing an FHA-insured mortgage.

^^ GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Transparent material on which pictures and words may be printed has made possible a new type of book. It is literally a book, but a book that builds up a given idea, subject, or problem step by step as the pages are turned. By the use of transparent pages and an ingenious pictorial scheme, a complete story is spread out before the individual as a complete whole. The book is planned so that it can be read from front to back or back to front with the story differing according to which way the book is read. After the subject is built up, it may be reversed from the other angle. Since the page is transparent, the subject matter is carried through the page, presenting the other side of the same material.

Educators, advertisers, science, and industry may use this new tool to unfold an object, lesson, or product in a practical, pictorial manner where the spoken or written word is often misinterpreted or misunderstood. It greatly simplifies the presentation of any object, and produces a vivid mental picture which is easily retained. Sources:

Offset Gravure Corporation, Long Island City, New York S. Theo Jonas, 10 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois

When You're mil/N^lAlO/\/C- Think About '-^LOlLINf; OU£R/

25 Miles an Hour

50 Miles an Hour

'^ ■-'wi..X-'i--''--'-"--t'^^

75 Miles an Hour

Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn.

Graphic Presentation of the "Turnability" of an Automobile Traveling at Three Rates of Speed.

33

Chapter 3 TABULATION

ATTRACTIVENESS can be a characteristic of statistical tables. , Adherence to certain simple suggestions will improve their appearance. Designing is an integral part of every table and should be carefully planned. The actual form which any table takes depends upon the data to be presented.

For suggestions relative to setting up tabulation for reproduc- tion, see the Vari-typer in Chapter 44 and the material about type- setting in Chapter 51.

CLASSIFICATION		TOTAL COUNT
Engines	//	2
Coal Cars	//	2
Mail Cars	///	3
Baggage Cars	nil	4
Coaches	•HU II	7
Diners	III	3
Pullmans	-HUI	6
Observations	III	3

A Simple Method of Tallying.

1. The above method of tallying, while simple, lends itself to practically all counting pro-

cedures.

2. Often, rather than count everything there is to count, one "sample" count or several are

taken. The average of the total of these samples, if chosen according to a logical plan, will give the same result as would be obtained if all were counted.

34

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

REFERENCES

Day, E. E., "Standardization of the Construction of Statistical Tables." Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 17, March 1920. This issue of the Journal is so limited that the American Statistical Association cannot sell it. However, it is available in most libraries.

/.UJ P.m.

/■ J.? P. M..

t.j.9-r>»t. J_^ f.jj-fi^ j /Ljw '"•t J" '/.'ii7^«<. y.j.rP.H

UJ^U^

wmmm

.AjlE<JJL*jlJ^ / tt*.U*.uXZ. -V' AkAM«^«^ . £ — c/*. J-*f

4. /3"a. /«.

Of

Hi'

7.10

■wtmmm

M— ■■■■■— —M—W

£'

CU»,^L,4^^ / ¥-^ / f30- /^t<-»^<^

_3>J!L/c ,.j,\t~ .^w>-«^u.> -a-cAaa*.4-^^/v ■«*.'.. <.C»y «.».^^r 5t»-C~

/«.rr/.t

■IBMI

1 1

Three Methods of Tallying the Barking of Dogs. Data for Use in a Lawsuit, scale s

Since intelligent planning preceded the tallying of this information, there was no need to record it in the form of tables.

TABULATION

35

Mudgett, Bruce D., Statistical Tables and Graphs, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Mass., 1930

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Eco- nomics, The Preparation of Statistical Tables, 1937. A pamphlet distributed free of charge.

Walker, Helen and Walter Durost, Statistical Tables: Their Structure and Use (Bureau of Publications), Teachers Col- lege, Columbia University, New York City, 1936

/■d;>uIii«oii

WMhingt.m. D. C..' 486,860

Clicvy CliMc, Mil 8,000

Takoiim I'ark, Md 6,415

Silver Spring. M<1 5,000

UyalUville, M.l 4,264

Mt. Rainier, M«l 3,832

Ktlovatt-hourt <

1929 354,9.32,330

1930 400. 20S, 431

1931 43.S, 360. 3S1

1932 - 464, 108,604

1933 495,013,756

1934 . 602, 832,609

I r.nmj tfiienii-l for th« Wtshlnrloo Railway A Klntrlc ComiMDy b D<it inclu<Jcd Id IheM n^ros.

Federal Power Commission. National Power Sur- vey, Cost of Distribution of Electricity 1936.

SCALE .7

A. Population of the Principal Cities Served by the Potonnac Electric Power Company in 1934, and Trend. of Service Growth from 1929 to 1934.

These are simple tables arranged accord- ing to magnitudes and chronologi- cally. Note that the arrangement is from the top down.

	MAINE IN SEPT.	THE NATION IN NOV.
1900	^	m
1904	w	m
1908	m	m
1912	m	>r
1916	#p	V
1920	m	m
1924	m	m

B. As Maine Goes So Goes the Na- tion?

This diagram shows that Maine, the state which had its election first, fore- casted the result of the presidential election with approximate accu- racy. The forecast has been "wrong" three times up through 1936. In 1940, however. Maine will hold its election at the same time as the other states.

Adapted from The Philadelphia Evening Bulletin.

36

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

MANUFACTURES.

Tabls M.-DrrAILBD eTATKMBirT FOB TIB TmiTBD ■TATm.

< m lunrMPm

CI

'sm

■Mi. i.

■^UJi'"

GENERAL TABLBB.

BT OBOOIUPHIO DIYIBIOirS AND BTATK8: lilt

TtSii, •uu.

•Mfftf

Table 53-

- Dktaiixd Statemkmt

roa THB Unitxd Statb

Di.nin.

Num. •■■ ■tiM-n

PuMun Emuun m tltiiur^cTVdiia lii»ovf«ia |

ToUl

rravncton utd OAruli

Ann«r NubIim o( W.|e Bwwi

CkrL

.Hr.

~ l«U Dkr W - ~ 1

Tutd

Pre- Pir.

ricl cm irf pura-

Uxt- Mu- •4im

Mak

T>UI

ud onr

Vmia l«

M«lk

Italk

M*k

U»k

Mali

■ab

BT GEooRAPiiir Divisions and States: I9I0.

Capital

F.mpaMa

Valwo< Pk4>c4>

Vai» AiMad by MaMlK- tan

te

Salanr< an.l Wa«r<

Par CoKlrart Wurk

R^'nl and Jam

ParMaltTiah

OCnab

Clrrki. rlr.

Earnfn

Rral Parlarj

Taw., Prrtrral. Slalr. Co..tr. aKi LonI

TaUl

Pri.npal Malwtab

Pwl aad ■mIW Pbmt

Bruce D. Mudgett. "Statistical Tables & Graphs," Houghton Mifflin Co., 1030. SCALE .7

Two Methods of Boxing to Show Coordinate and Subordinate Relationships.

1. The use of single and double lines, as shown in the two upper tables, fails to maintain

coordinate and subordinate distinctions. The width of line in the lower two tables reinforces the boxing arrangement to show coordinate and subordinate relationships.

2. The caption headings have also been changed to aid reading.

TABULATION

37

■Value of VtiUic-lluildinn and HifihtvayConatrtution Awards Financed If holly From Slate Funds '

Otocraphio division

All divisions.

New Kii?liinil

Middle .Mliintir

K.Bst North ('nntral.. West Niirtli Oiitral. South .Mliiiitu-

East South rentral.. West South Central.

Mountain

Pacific

Value of awards for public building '

June 1038 May 1U38 June 1037

$1. 70^748

I0:<.8II

v:»y. 1177

431. 47'.'

:is. us.')

29. 15(i

15l»,853 6,500

$U3M. Jll

4. J.-.-i

4;ti.(i:i7

■«.M.i):t2

i.r.'io

lOS. 471'

23, (HM) IS, 02.5

$<..'.02,4fi7

H74

4.1. .'.;:<

3S4. i'2H :t77. 401

3. '.tiy

402. (KK) lO'.i. OGU 9.'. -.112 8:i, 800

Value of awards for highway con- struction

June 1938 May 1038 June 1037

tl2,230,009

$13,571,006

42J.t.71

3. 7.14, 975

2. 930, "t-H

074.012

920.816

l,(m. 135

1,303. 3V4

4. 147

2. 4.S3, 148

I

18,621,883

614,837 1.821.320 2,479.513 1,008.710

388. 732

191. 2J2

876, .143

161. 123

1. 079. 853

' Preliminary, subject to revision.

' Data for building projects which were located in the cities reporting to the Bureau are included also in tables 1, 2,3,5, 7, 9, and II.

U. S. Def)artment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

A. A Tabulation Showing the Total for All Divisions as the First Item Rather Than As the Last.

1. The total of a column may be put at the top of a table, as shown here, instead of at the

bottom.

2. The use of notes to clarify box headings should be encouraged.

SUMMARY OF MEN DISPATCHED FROM CENTRAL HALL

REGISTERED MEN DISPATCHEC				NONREGISTEREO MEN DISPATCHED
	Loo,.	Tnidun	ToMi	PcrC*nl	Longshoremen	Trucker*
		Truck.	CoiMlt	FlMten	Casualt	Floatera
	No.	Par Cent of Loncih	No	Per Cant of Lon(in	No	Par Cant of Truck	No	Par Cant of T.w.ck
1Q7J	55.070 70.663 74.724 74.992 84.705 87,304 89.425 96.496 85.475 80.271 60.965 72.508	25.210 29.702 31.248 33.044 34.467 32.033 39.442 39,424 31,146 24,798 21,505 22.289	80.280 100,365 105,972 108,036 119.172 119.337 128.867 135.920 116.621 105.069 82.470 94.797	'69	^1
1923	70 30 71 29 69 31 71 29 73 27
1924						\i.6 14.6 5.7 2.4 2.2 4.2
1925
1926 .
1927
1928 1929 1930 1931 1932. 1933	69 71 73 76 74 76	31 29 27 24 26 24	2.886 5.912 2.743 1.237 339 1,075	3.2 6.1 3.3 15 6 1.5	492 472 160 35 6 62	.55 .49 .19 .04 .01 .09	4.894 5.746 1.785 602 469 929	2.976 1.955 708 50 27 255	7.5 5.0 2.5 .2 ,:1
6 Year Average---	80.856	29.767	110.623	73	27	2.365	2.9	204	.25	2.404	8.1	995	3.3

F. P. Foisie. "Decasualizing Longshore Labor and The Seattle Experience," Waterfront Einployers of Seattle. Feb. 1, 1934. SCALE .7

B. A Tabulation Showing the Sunnnnary of Longshore Labor Dispatched from the Central Hiring Hall in Seattle from 1922 Through 1933.

1. The good points of this tabulation are that the lettering is clear and easy to read, and

the figures are distinct.

2. It might have been better to use wide lines to maintain the various divisions rather than

the double lines. See 36.

38

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

	Af >Kcir Avcroqc Hourly Woqcs J
AMfftlCAN	BELGIAN I6«	GERMAN 29<	ENGLISH 34)4*
JSI^M 18	Minulo 156	Minutes 89	M.nutal 45
jljrf^^	12	116	38	20
t^y\h	5	20	27	7
	26	244	116	51
EoorliJ	236	120	75
MilKIOH	37	8	21
	7	3	3
5u40r.|lk	-J	42	29	8
IbtalAboM	94	858	430	230

American Iron and Steel Institute, "Ste«l Facts," May 1P37. SCALE .7

A. A Tabulation of the Length of Time American and Foreign Steel Employees Must Work to Buy the Same Amount of Typical Foods.

lit

Si

.^

TOTAl. POPULATIOM	mtntat oul-v	«» atPfTlDUlY	TOT«i. MO MCms
	•UVCO	CCHeUfPTOU	COM»Ui»TlOM	CITv(CauMTV
»rr	i^.OOO	SIM	117	ei.ioe
nn	4M.0O0	MCI	ll»	04.67?
on	^o^.«9S	SSI9	II?	87.829
1390	517,674	MM	II&	90.08?
IMI	^74.&0»	^7J0	K»	80,888
am	S27,40l	S4 7S	104	88.707
nas	S28.SM	34 70	IW	90,M?
mt	A30.2I6	»7.406	loe	91.9%
SM	»i7.000	^s.^67	101	94.651
1936	^i^ 978	4» ^0	:0	96.746

City of Cincinnati, "Municipal Activities." 1Q36.

SCALE .5

B. Water Consumption of the City of Cincinnati from 1927 through 1936.

The only difference between this and straight tabulation is that the stub headings are presented pictorially as well as verbally.

CONSUMER BUTING HABITS AT BEAVER DAN, WISCONSIN

,i

Of r»u % rk. ;.

rw /. WIm,

|.^ Thul$Wlmt

Tku 1, rw.

i

irkr,Tki,a,

1

rmmw.0.

1 lii

-H-fab Colv." 0.

1

ra*rtirvWt(b

J 1

i 2

i

i

i

1

i 1

1 4

1

i i

1

AiTTD Scmiu

i< •

M 1

U 1

M 9

a s

U 4

so s

71 S

IS 4

SO T

u s

TS 0

GaocwH

« •

71 0

II 1

II t

M 1

•0 «

•0 0

IS 0

100 0

II S

IMt

Lmna

> •

n 1

10 1

M 0

7t 0

U 0

14 T

100 0

IS 7

loe 0

Da DM

U 1

>7 1

a 1

l« s

S7 1

SO 0

IS 0

U 0

n 1

lOO 0

14 S

IM S

HasowaU

II 1

M 1

a 1

H 7

SO 0

70 0

10 >

40 0

40 0

SO s

49 0

ST 0

DsT Goon

M •

TO 0

90 0

10 0

17 1

M a

U 0

77 1

a s

U 0

IS 0

SO 0

Jkwblbt

« •

•7 1

II 1

U) 0

71 0

U 0

r s

100 0

II 4

100 S

ZiMtmic^L GooM

II >

M 1

•9 •

•7 S

SS 9

so 7

10 4

100 0

M 0

U S

TS 0

ZlMC RBf«MnUT\<«

fl i

100 0

7t 0

100 0

•> 0

too 0

Ramo

• 1

90 0

70 0

SO 0

SS s

so 7

SO 0

SS 9

so 7

40 0

U 0

TS S

Mbm-* Cumnto

M 9

T< 0

M 0

SO 0

7S 4

10 I

IS 0

100 0

4< 0

so 1

W S

Caiu>'* CLanmQ

U t

M 0

SI 0

II 1

SO 0

40 0

14 1

»4 I

19 S

47 1

SI s

SS S

Womsm's CurrmtmQ

M ; M •

n 1 •1 1

II 7 II I

10 7 •> 4

n 1 •1 I

IT 7 II 1

41 4 U 1

04 4 100 0

4 4

M 0 II 4

TO S T« 4

W 1 M S

BfMMT

10 t

M I

41 1

• I

a 4

so 0

40 0

41 1

71 4

14 1

14 I

li 4

SO 0

SO u

Nurcbnai

II 7

15 1

1 1

t 7

I i

100 0

47 1

IS I

IS 7

H S

SS 0

14 i

Sum AMD Pud

7 •

M I

IS 9

7( 0

u s

44 4

IS 7

100 0

S 1

ISO 0

Poutrma

II 1

>l 7

W S

u s

W 0

W 0

n I

so 0

400

MO

44 S

SS s

American Business, May 1Q38. SCALE .6

C. An Analysis of Consumer Buying Habits at Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, in 1937. The wide lines between the boxes emphasize the relationships among the various columns.

TABULATION

39

		r*uiiv BUDcrrs
1^	*^	CMUMf ink) Mid f Ml
U 1 Siil	I76< II7« }7« 14% 13X iK Kjv« to t)u<ff»t •»« Kv n*c »tt>t«\ Kjw« mof* Itfl tor	32 7*
^^^	m	II	■1	1*1	^
UNirco	rRANCE	INCIANO	IIAIY	ROLAND
f,r MWor IV».rf.	J	?7	:j	109	1 7(14
11	B	■ V ■ ^	HI	■	^^
Miairro/'/Wpl.	UNIItD SIAItS 5	OtNMARK 6	UNHID KINGDOM 7	RUSSIA 90	BULGARIA 354
f	H	■ V ■ ^	■	II	H
3L	UNIKD STATtS 8	DENMARK 10	UNITED KINGDOM 20	FRANCE 33	RUSSIA 200
WATtB CONSUMPTION ,:.. , . ,.,■ ,,r-r,n ,.. H.,,
142	47	43 38	30
	CAW';	LONMN B{Rli" AMSTIBWU |
•FkilSr»nlu<«coi	ninm		1

Literary EHgrst. AuRUSt 29. 1936.

SCALE .5

A. A Comparison of Living Standards of the United States and Foreign Nations in 1936.

The use of visual titles in tabulating material to be read by all nations is an almost sure guarantee that the tabulation will be understood. Although this graph was published in an American magazine, it would be equally comprehensible to people of other nations.

Table 1 : Temperatures

Temp. Fahr.	Pressure lbs. Atmos	Sp.Vol. cu. ft. per lb.	Density lbs. per cu. ft.	Heat of the liquid	Latent Total heat of heat of evap. steam	Internal Energy B. t. u. Evap. Steam	Entropy Water Evap. Steam	Temp. Fahr.
t	P	—	V or s	i/»	h or q	Lorr H	1 or p E	n or « 1/ T or r/ T N or "^	t
280°	49.18	3.347	8.64	0.1157	249.0	924.3 1173.3	845.9 1094.8	0.4098 1.24% 1.6594	280'
?.«1	49.97	3.401	8.51	0.1174	250.1	923.5 1173.6	845.1 1095.0	0.4112 1.2470 1.6582	281
WW	50.77	3.455	8.38	0.1192	251.1	922.8 1173.9	844.3 1095.2	0.4126 1.2443 1.6569	282
283	51.58	3.510	8.26	0.1210	252.1	922.1 1174.2	843.5 1095.4	0.4140 1.2416 1.6556	2a3
284	52.40	3.566	8.14	0.1228	253.1	921.3 1174.4	842.7 1095.6	0.4154 1.2389 1.6543	284
285^	53.24	3.623	8.02	0.1246	254.2	920.5 1174.7	841.9 1095.9	0.4168 1.2363 1.6531	286°
286	54.08	3.680	7.90	0.1264	255.2	919.8 1175.0	841.1 1096.1	0.4181 1.2337 1.6518	286
287	54.93	3.738	7.79	0.1283	256.2	919.1 1175.3	840.3 10%.3	0.4195 1.2311 1.6506	287
288	55.79	3.797	7.68	0.1302	257.2	918.4 1175.6	839.5 1096.5	0.4209 1.2284 1.6493	288
289	56.67	3.856	7.57	0.1322	258.3	917.6 1175.9	838.6 10%.7	0.4222 1.2258 1.6480	289
290'	57.55	3.916	7.46	0.1341	259.3	916.9 1176.2	837.8 1097.0.	0.4235 1.2232 1.6467	290'
291	58.44	3.977	7.35	0.1360	260.3	916.2 1176.5	837.0 1097.2	0.4249 1.2205 1.6454	291
292	59.34	4.038	7.24	0.1380	261.3	915.4 1176.8	836.2 1097.4	0.4262 1.2179 1.6441	292
293	60.26	4.100	7.14	0.1400	262.4	914.7 1177.1	835.4 1097.6	0.4276 1.2153 1.6429	293
294	61.19	4.163	7.(H	0.1421	263.4	914.0 1177.4	834.6 1097.8	0.4290 1.2127 1.6417	294
oncl S Marks and H Suptrhcatcd Steam	arvcy ." Lon	N. Davis, "Tables and Diagrams of the Thermal Properties of Saturated anc gmanj. Green and Co., 1909.

B. A Tabular Arrangennent.

Note the grouping of the rows of figures into fives. The type was selected to aid the reading of the figures. These two improvements have, according to the authors, made the tables much more legible than they were in previous editions.

40

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

MACHINE TABULATION

Punched card tabulating machines have proved a great aid in sorting and accumulating data. The information need not be purely statistical. Cards such as the one shown below are the basis of the punched card plan. Each card is a general-purpose record for one item, one customer, one salesman, or one person, etc.

Holes are first punched in pre-determined positions on the cards according to the data registered.

A sorting machine is used to group the cards according to the information punched in them. The cards are guided automatically into receiving pockets according to the position of the punched holes in the vertical columns. The automatic sorting is made on one column at a time. It is apparent, therefore, that to arrange a group of cards in numerical sequence according to the data punched in a three-column field, the group of cards is passed through the sorting machine three times.

The third step in mechanical tabulation is the automatic com- pilation of the punched data. This is done in the tabulator. In a non-printing tabulator, the information is merely accumulated in dials. In another type of machine, the data may be automatic- ally added and printed.

Machines for mechanical tabulation are built by International Business Machines Company, New York City, and Remfngton Rand, Inc., New York City. Tabulating work is done on a service basis in various cities throughout the country.

s«ns tmittis c«n

International Business Machine Co., New York City.

Punched Card for Use in Machine Tabulation.

1. Tabulating cards arc made of paper stock carefully processed to permit of extremely

rapid actuation of all three machines — the punch, the sorter, and the tabulator. The card size is 7W x 3'/i".

2. Cards may be punched for each item or classification on a customer's invoice show-

ing, for example, customer number, salesman, district or territory, trade class, complete item identification, and amount.

3. All cards may be balanced to a control and at any time can be sorted and tabulated

to prepare various analyses.

TABULATION

41

»^nti— —— ■*w«i lis • IL.

K

^^

a; ff5

CO — =^r::

a

<

43

^ mm:?:^

■^nr

-X

^^\n

I

« ili'.lilll

11

I

liiiiii

lil]

+^

t ' - 1 ,

■tt

11 ji

^^iliSiii

imi

BBUhhiHF

•-"irx

ifi-H

WWE

'M

'H-L

xt

niiii.

Jill!

llilll

:;±tLS:

Em

til', ili

m

III

iljii

iL'Uii

•€

16

e

o c

•a

9

e o

0> n

2

«

a>

- C7»

2 *^

K E

i! <

2 >

2 -c

^ o

as

c 5 o- -5 ^ li

a: '^ ■:;

(0 —

42

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

MILES ri5 ^ 35 ' 45 ^ si ^ 65

PER HOUR. JMILES PfR HOUR MllfS PER HOUR MILES PER HOUR MILES P£R HOUR MILES PER HOUR

D.u.'s (/DM.) , (2D.aj (3DMJ (5auj , (vau.)

Vi QT. .13^

IQT .25<

l%QTs 3QTs AViQVs 43^ i .75C i $1.13

50 GAIS. 55 GALS. 60 GALS. 69 GALS. 80 GALS.

GASOLINE

$8.75

$9.63 i $10.50

$I2.08

♦14.00

$1.50 ' $3.00 H.50 i $7.50 $10.50

TIRES

MAI NTf NANCE TOTAL COST

COST PER MILE

$4.00 $500 i6.60 $10.00 $13.00

$14.38 $17.88 \A^4 \ U9ff

$22.03 $30.33 $38.63 2.2 fi 3j03^ 386^

S/>eec/ //jc/iease

Coffper/OOOm^

7/meSaye(/

Chs//)erMfurSoyei/

35 to 45

$4.15

6.4 Hours

$.65

35 io 55

$12.45

10.4 Hours

$l.20

35 to 65

$20.75

13.2 Hours

$1.57

45 to 55

$8.30

4.0 Hours

$2.08

45 to 65

$16.60

6.8 Hours

^2.44

55 to 65

$8.30

2.8 Hours

$2.96

The Travelers Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut. "Lest We Regret," 1939. SCALE .9

Graphic Tabulation Showing the High Cost of Speeding in the United States.

This table is based on a 1000-mile journey, with an average car, average roads, and an average driver. It does not include the economic cost of accidents, which rises in proportion to the speed at which the car is traveling.

43

Chapter 4 CLASSinCATION CHARTS

IN a Classification chart the facts, data, etc., are arranged so that the place of each in relation to all others is readily seen. Quantities need not be given, although a quantitative analysis adds to the value of a classification chart. Brackets and arrows are effective tools to use in a classification chart.

REFERENCES

Karsten, Karl G., Charts and Graphs, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New

York City, 1923. Riggleman, John R., and Ira N. Frisbee, Business Statistics, 2nd edition, 1938, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City.

Man o" War

WAR ADMIRAL, br. c, 1934

Fair Play T , c

■^ I * Fair

Mahubah

y Gold

ftrushup

Hard TacW

{» Rock Sand ♦ Merry Token

e /Ben Brush

Sweep 1 n- 1 n

'^ IPink Domino

» »k 1/ J Harry of Hereford i * Bathinq birl

Swing On

{

5EABISCUIT, b. c, 4933

f w ■ vA/ / Pair Play

I Man 0 War A .. , .1

J IManubab

It a L / * Rock Sane U"^'""'^ I Teas Over

/ Broomsl I Audicnci

{

Wiskbroom 2d

Balance

ick

belais Balancoire

• Imported.

War Admiral bred by SO Riddle Scabiscuit bred by Wheailey Stable, (Mrs H.C. Phipps).

The Pedigrees of the Race Horses War Admiral and Seabiscuit.

1. This chart shows the use of brackets

in classification of data. The orig- inal was in newsprint.

2. The subject matter of this chart is the

geneology of two race horses. (The pedigrees of War Admiral and Seabiscuit show that they are both descendants of Fair Play and also of Rock Sand.)

Redrawn from New York Herald Tribune, Nov. 1, 1938.

44

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

ilttAtlAMt AMO PATMMt

lOucAnoMAi

OtAAMlZATlTMl

otMta aTa»«

IMfttfMU O* Cmc AMD OTMH *tOUP|

U. S. Department of Interior, Office of Education, "School Life," February. 1938. SCALE .6

The Office of Education in the United States and Its Relationships.

This chart is especially interesting because it shows graphically that to study one section of the myriad of groups in the government of the United States, that area must be "magnified."

CLASSIFICATION CHARTS

45

Mr

I

-♦-

-O

-^ 'E

0)

O

c

10

>

<

c a>

> Jli >

•^ _ i! <«

III *^ *r

9- IS

Z o

« c

c '^

§ E — «

— • c o

'•^ o

46

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

—— IllMENIAIr OnTftlCT

JUNIO« HIGH SCMOd WSIKICT

ffift ilEMENTAHV SCHOOL

n ■ ■ I II JUNIO* HIGH SCHOOL

fP^ UNIOII HIGH SCHOOL

I^P?I JUNIO« COllEGi

WHO WOdltS

THROUGH KrAKTMENT HtAOS.

miNCIfALS.ANO TtACHtKS

U. S. Dcpartmrnt of Interior, Office of Education, "School Life," February, 1938. SCALE .6

An Organized City or County School System in the United States in 1937.

Arrows emphasize and here show the relationship between the "people" and the school system.

CLASSIFICATION CHARTS

47

r—4 llfOITt	W»rl4 l**af> Aff*<llil« food IXrODTS		W«rl4 l«*iitf AffoctUf food IMrORTS	H94 IMPOITt
t41l.4ll.(M				Normal Rra War Rtrtod M14,HI.0M
*"		..-uj
		Docttotod
We>W Woi Sloftt		WoridWarSnm
Www War tl.lM.tU.OM	Wo. 0.<i..i			Worid War Rorwd $7*(.t27.l>00
		«»-. u
LJH^^ Rwilion Ravotwi'on		Irtcomo Toi Modt I090I ■■ 0 S EolOrtWo. J.I..
Anmlko-Wo. Endi		Aimilho - Wo. Endl I8lh Amtndmont v— w Rtconilruction loom f '^ 10 Eu>op« I j ,
{w«Op«OA RvCOAIIVVCtiOII -U S FM4<Wa<W $I,779,IJ14M	Ewopo tur> U i 'oodi		' US Real Wo.
(^^^^^1 iMOAttruction		..Ui	Boom l1.M2.Ut.0OO
W.		«..y	U S foil Wor O.p.,..ion {•}$.077.0OO
RvpOfotioni Poymvntt		U S. To.iH loc.ooiod ■!
Notisal r<Mt War SM7.f23.aM				U. S. Roil Wo. Sacondor/ 'Boom tl.122.443,000
G«rinan Inflation		Gorman InflatioA
MS-.		or.
'«.,,.		u
		J»J*.
PoHci«i ttvdwc* f urop*an Purrhnimr)
		Slock Morkot Oath
Worid rcfiod S2U.3UMe	Engkiftd OH Gold Jopon Takci Manchuria Europton Banks Fail ShangKai Wor	QQ	U S ToriH Inciooitd	u s D«p.tswon SSM.23t.000
	Englaod OH Cold Eufopeon Bonht Foil
	British Empire Trod* M AgrecmenI H U S Banki Foil - a: U S OH Gold. Crop Control AAA Proccilinq Toi Repeal
^*^M Naticnot Sociolitm
		Procoiting Toi Invokd ***• AAA In.olid Q	u s Recovery SM2.4t7.000
U $ t«<ipfocol TfodeTreot)«t Spontjh R«b«ll>on		Wmld Trod« Increoio ^*
Sr">bol Colo. LEGEND: ^p Eipom B^ Ro» food Malet.uli f j Impom 1 1 Manufocluixl Food

Food Industries. October, 1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled, "World Trade Makes Food Prices." SCALE .6

Analysis of Food Expor+s and Impor+s of the United States from 1910 to 1936.

1. The years presented in this chart are divided into 5 world time-periods and 7 United

States time-periods with notations of historical events.

2. The analysis of exports and imports shows a comparison of our exports and imports for

any one time-period, the percentage distribution of the imports for any one time- period into raw food materials and manufactured food products, and the same for total exports for any one time-period.

3. In the original copy the sections labelled "raw food materials" were orange in color.

48

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Hailway

hxjUlPMENT

Division

Tank Link

Order and Shipping Division

( >p»TBUon .

I Maintenance. .4

rHocords

J ( ",Hr mil«Mjge and equaliralion accounts

C StHllslicB I ( '.Hr distribution I Ix-asing of cars

Equipmpnt and force Miscdlaneous upkeep I'ainting Home shops ^ fOutJet valves

J Safety valves I Air brakes I Car tanks

{

Tests

Railroad repairs.

CK. \\. K. interchange rules I A. IV A. lank car specifications • ( )wniTs deft'cUs I Carriers liability I Railroad repair bills

Stock supplies at U^rniinaLs. bulk plants, and warehoasos Allocation of orders for shipment of sUxk from and to refineries

Buy-out points, terminals, bulk stations, warchoasus, etc. Designation of mode of transportation— Rail, water, truck, et*-. ( 'onsolidat<- or pool orders

Tariff and Hati. Division

( IliNKllAL am> \dmimsthativi;

DiMSION

.\verage demurrage, credit, and weight agrwenents Claims — Overcharge, loss, and damage Diversion and reconsignmcnt Freight bills — checking and revising

rMarkcting territories Rate surveys. .« Plant lo<-ations

^Competitive comparisons Male adjustments — Informally with railroads Rule iinil route tables I. C. C. practice and procedure Routing (technical, applicable rates, etc.) Servici- -c|uol)ilions to sales and purchasing departments Tariir and cliLssilicalion lilcs 'rru<'king and marine arrangements (local) Tracing and cx|)editing

Voduction 1 ■ . .u I Purchasing encral servK-.- U, other J M„„„f„,.if.ring departmenU 1 /Whol.-sale

^saies. ^^^^^^^^

Diilact with trade and traflic iLs.so<'iatioiis iMipcrution with carrier ollicials i PrrsoillK'l ^

'Distribution of stinks (physical) Rureaii of exi)lusiM's regulations Clearance rules Misi I'lliineoiis 4 Railroad leases, side-track agreements, etc.

'rriins|M)rl .ser\ ill — rail, water, truck, etc.

Riiutiiig - DLstribiiliiin iiml allotment of trallic as lM>twe<-ii carriers Pas.srnger trans|Kirta(i(iii \ ia rail, air, and water

Metropolitan Life Iniurance Company, "Functiont of the Traffic Manaier," 193 7.

SCALE .6

Traffic Department of a Large Company.

The brackets in this classification were retouched. Since the important thing in such a presentation is to show relationships, the tool used, that is, the brackets, should be emphasized. Otherwise, the purpose is lost.

CLASSIFICATION CHARTS

49

I WASHINGTON

z MAi&ftCHusrrw

3 NEW NORK A CflLIPORNtA

5 COOJECncUT b OHIO

7 NtW JERStY

6 tLLINOli

9 COLORADO

10 iNDtANA

1 1 RHooe. l6uv^i0

12 VEPMONT

CMIL- |6CK>0i.|tynMK K(N IN PLANT PtP SOWOlI ICMltD

I

r;;;/^^;^///^i

\yyyyyy/A\

JL

\Vyy///AV/////A\

II w/////Ay//////AVAy//A\ \mmy///m

13 WCW HAMRSHIRE ^

14 UTAH W^^//AV/////AV;y//A^AV/////AV/////AV/yy//A\

15 OREGON 10 MONTANA 17 MICHIGAN « N DAKOTA 19 IDAHO

TO Minnesota

21 IOWA

IZ MAINE.

d3 PENNSYLVANIA

« KAN6A5

\/M^,m\y//'-^/, \y/y///A\w/jr//A ^/

V//////At

\yjy///Ay//////xmw^/A

is, NEBPA5KA 2b 5 DAKOTA ex NEVADA 28 Wi6CON^lM IS> WYOMING

30 ARIZONA

31 OKLAHOMA 52 MISSOURI 35 W VIRGINIA

34 FLORIDA

35 DELAWARE

36 MAFTTLAND

37 TENNESSEE

38 TEXAS

39 LDUt5LANA

40 NEW MEXICO

41 VIRGINIA

42 KEKfTUCKY A5 ARKAN6A&

44 GEORGIA

45 MI&^'-^^PP'

46 Nl CARCXINA ^ 6. CAROL\NA 48 ALABAMA

Brinton, "Graphic Methodi," McGraw-Hill, 1914.

Rank of Each of the United States in Ten Educational Features in 1910.

i\ \yArAM\y/x////.\

I |.v;%^/// \y//////.\

\^/M/-/A' ■- W///M\

Wiv/ ^:\:mf^'\^;>m^\

I I V4y////A

\m;m/A/. -//

YMf^/^W/Z/M

\/Y./m\

I \W>.yM\

SCALE .9

1. In making a block classification chart it is important that shadings ranging from white

(or light) to black are chosen to correspond to correct gradations of value.

2. The states are arranged according to their total ranking in all twelve educational

features; thus Washington State which ranked among the first 12 states in all but one feature is listed first, and Alabama which ranked among the lowest 12 states in all 12 features is listed last.

50

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

METALS

DAYS EXPOSURE

MICH TEST

GASOLINE

LOW TEST

CASOLINE

BENZOL

91^. HKIM TEST

9% ANTI-KNOCK «4» LOW TEST 16% ANTI-KNOCK 97% HIGH TEST

]% ANTI- KNOCK S0% HIGH TEST 50% BENZa ANTI -KNOCK

1 1
ALUMINUM	ZINC HATE	SHEET STEEL JTERNEPLAIll TIN PLATE <SHaT OOPPOtl SHEET BAASSlcOOOVEAfUTE 1 1	SPIEOELITl I
IS	57	145	15	57	145	15 |57|l45|l5 57|l45il5 !57|u5]l5 IS7	145	I5|57|I45J15|57|m5	.5|57	145
						wm m H		Ir-^ H-L
					/'JBl rr		1-- ! B -
					r ^ . WT		I ^i B '
			^^1 HH 1 1 ^H	!J>i B! '
		rr		k-UU-i -: ■ ' il	mum !■ .
				zoni . . Ebi	■■■■ H .
				^t^Sm^ ■■■BW ^^
				-^T'S ■■ 1 ' ■■■■"■ ^ 1	_

Fj NOT AFFECTED ^p SOMEWHAT AftKIEO ^| BAOLT AFFCCTtO

Automotive Industries, March 23, 1922.

SCALE 8

A. The Effect of "Doped Fuels" Upon fhe Fuel System of an Engine in the Presence of Moisture.

Here again a block chart is used to present a gradation classification. It is based on the results of an investigation made by the Material Section of the Engineering Divi- sion, War Department, Air Service, McCook Field in Dayton, Ohio. It may be observed that the metals which stood up better than the others are aluminum and zinc plate.

Standard Statistics, Inr , N. Y. C. SCALE .9

B. Raw Material Resources of the Leading Countries of the World in 1936.

1. The value of this type of chart is that a quantitative analysis which is not actually

shown on the chart can be compared with other analyses. That such an analysis was made is shown in the titles of the four classifications at the bottom.

2. Compare this chart with 51.

CLASSIFICATION CHARTS

.Su

c<

T3 S

a

IB 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 f • : - 1 r 1 : •

■ 1 ■ 1 ' 1 1 • 1

>-	cr
z	CO	Ul 2
i	!<	<
oc		<	to
UJ	^	cc	=)
o	o	u.	QC

tc

E

— o

o o

Q- Q.

^ E

<D — 0) -•-

0Z

•G 2

E£ ^

^ i£

^"^

M X

2 XI .t:

c

*- C (9

cK .a

■5 *

H Z

C-— CO T3 ^

►5 w <

t-i »* fO

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

1

2 .

3 ^

4 :

DT CHART CF

. „., . ^. ATOMS -nK'h^

TIm AiMM Cnmfi Acraram« l« tW NumWot oI OuUr I V*Imk* I ClKlroM PWntUry iIilIimi

I II III V Vi Vi^ ym::it"T^tt4->7

Z2 997HU4.}^IK. 2&97|H ZtUX IB :il U2 «§[ J106 , ■ 3J.45? 39S-i4H 'I^J _:_ -

Cui

37 IT |77 iT^ I Wo QM. D i'lluiT?h(|rPd|

JLpQ»IM.UZ-<' ift ll4.76llll&.oT^ 12I76|| 1276l|l26S2 , . 11U_M t^,:; i'^ ' Kb I 223^ ■l226-> ■22a' ■l2W ■ 2JI ■tzj&e? ■

2 8 i<j!a

'i>K 71 lUr* E>r«W

II 40131

^1

|lSa43Bh I62X> ■

|l^ IklWa ll i<24i(|i r63j||KU4||. l«M|tl7XM ||- 17l«|

11 Wilri> «li.1 », I

Compiled by Henry D. Hubbard of the U. S. Bureau of Standards; Publiihed by W. M. Welch Manu- facturing Company, Chicago. SCALE: Greatly Reduced

A. Chart of the Atoms.

Concise information on atomic structure as well as 40 different characteristics of the atoms is given in this chart. The original is lithographed in six colors, and all routine information is printed in large type. It can be obtained in two sizes, 42" x 64" and 22" X 30".

Compiled by Henry D. Hubbard of the U. S. Bureau of Standards; Published by W. M. Welch Manu- facturing Company, Chicago.

B. A Reproduction of One Unit of the Chart of the Atonns, and the Key Used fo Interpret All of the Graphic Illustrations on 52A.

The right side is a reproduction, in one color only, of the unit which represents the element Potassium. The left side appears as a key at the lower right of each chart.

53

Chapter 5 GENEOLOGY AND GENETICS CHARTS

eneology and Genetics Charts are known chiefly as means for tracing ancestors. Synonyms for geneology and genetics charts are: pedigree charts, genealogical charts, ancestral charts.

I

SAMPLE PCOieRCE CHART SHOWINO THE MANNER OF CONSTRUCTION, AND THE USE OF STANDARD AND SPECIAL SYMBOLS.

iCir6 6

C^

_ _ if i * 6' 6irik' 6 d ti iikd^ x

K tXPLAWATKIII Of ITMIOLI

D'MQle,- O'^e""!!*; 0'3tT\n\ln>owi\., A-StiU-biiiW or M>scoima^e,X"CKi\irtT\— numbtr oi\4 sex -unVnown; OO'TwmSj

Roman SnuTT's v> \h». U^V mditoX*. (^mtrotionv l\rQkM ^^urti \oca\e miwidMois, (\V«u4 ffl.T i» tt\« >\ovit\^ mon m \V«. >*iir4 qtntTo\ion who mornti >u^ countx).

31« ^oWtwnnfl Vttttr*, p\ate<i in or anMnd W»t i»dr(\4ua\') vtdv^rti S'^mbd), or* i\oi\4or4. ^or ttrtQ\r\ \roi\» R. a^toVvolit; B, blm4i ttdtaS. E. epi>«^ic, F, VtiWemmitdj I, \T»ant, Mj[m'\qr(i\ritou^;N,'norwa\ nv rtStrnvc* \t XmM Mtv4tr tQt\v4«ro.\xOT»j Nt, T»wrdl\t; P. pQr<i\x\>C; ^T, ^txuaAA)^ \mmort^, S.VtThMiC/ X tubtrtu\ouV H wanitrtr.

■ 9* 5«cct%iSu\ \to4«ri \n pa)M^c^■ O© • Ei\Ta tt\>onD on rM^W hani. Ul'H\<)hV\^ ^«^.t^^Su\ ou^Hor. L.s "VjIRt or no oMWi^ in \>)tr«r\^ iS<or1«,. ■#'^ui)Cr\or m volo\ »nuvt. B© » Mtdmrrv oWoinmenV. m MOtoV wuvc.

To Vit \ti* fiar\>cJar SaR«\^ on4 Xro\\» (wHt>h«r pht^vtal.intntat or Uinp»Tamin*o\; qoo4 ftrVxkd) un4tr tOivMitroV^jn, vn««nt ?ptcio\ Sumbol^. or ^t\ti:\ ^ptooN \««iri(\rv adi\>nn No \rvan* ^«n4ar<lii«A \in4«T (oi obwtl \ft bi '^AUti vnS'nm or ntar VWt. paHiiuloT tn4lM^4uo\'^ p*4iv<t ^>(>>M, W in4ico\c p«T<icu\or \rovti an4 Vtwr dtt^rce a\ dtvOeprntnt-

SCALE .9

Eugenic* Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y.

Pedigree Chart ShowIr>g the Manner of Construction and the Use of Standard and Special Symbols.

54

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

•'tf , 4rd 6 d e' D* ti d o' □"

-. i Jo' rf Cf4'd do* n'b'da d'ei'd B'dV J^'Jd'a o"

■ dddddddd'ddn'dn'd'DdB'^d'ddoy'ed'Hd

d ^.

/ ^/ *^m tmtJmm C* Um^'l, nw%_^ W.

Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor. Long Island, N. Y. SCALE .7

A. A Geneology Chart Showing the Actual Pedigree of Pre-Senile Lamellar Cataract.

1. Following the practice of tracing only one trait on one pedigree chart, this chart traces

the trait of pre-scnile lamellar cataract. All individuals of the family tree are plotted even though all do not show the trait.

2. It would be fairly easy to construct a chart tracing the family distribution of a trait

by following the principles exemplified in the above diagram.

1

n

ID

I

■ • Wh.K Forclotk

DO Nc Wh.H FcfloiK

I 1 1

t?

V ■ • o

s

fy^ ^ ^

Ti

9-r9

OB D D O

« 7 S « 10

h

II. the firii recorded ancestor liavinn a white forelock. H-l, liis son inherited the while fore- lock And married a woman without it. ill. of their five sons three inlierited tlic white torek>ck and two did not. IV. ««howinn the four daug-hters of one son, III-J, tliree ilaiiRhters havinn inherited the white forelock and one lias not. V. sliowinf; the children of these four daugliters who married men without a white forelock : some of the cliildren of each of the three mothers possessing the white forelock have inlierited it but none of the children of the other tuotlier not possessing it have the white forehnk.

Lyle Fitch "Inheritance of a White Forelock," The Journal of Heredity, Novemtwr, 193 7, American Genetic Auociation, Washington, D. C. SCALE .9

B. Five Successive Generations Showing Donninant Inheritance of a White Forelock in the Logsdon Family.

Explanations below a geneology chart are helpful and should be used frequently.

GENEOLOGY AND GENETICS CHARTS

55

< o

o,

In several places in this cliart the inheritance sinuilates tliat of a sex-linked dominant charac- ter, but tlie pedigree as a whole proves that the apparent association with sex is purely fortuitous. The largest sector in which sex-linked inheritance is suggested is bracketed with a dotted line.

Mablr R. Walter. "Five Grnrrations of Short DiRits," The Journal of Heredity, April, IQ38, American Genetics Association, Washington. D. C.

Pedigree Chart Showing Five Generations of Short Digits.

1. Deformed individuals are represented by solid symbols.

2. The use of a circular heredity chart is helpful when the number of persons in the fourth

or fifth generation would necessitate too long a chart.

56

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Codex Book Co., Inc., Norwood, Mats.

A. A Genealogical Charf Sheef.

1. This sheet is 8'/2" x 11" and its purpose is to show graphically the genealogy of a

person or the pedigree of an animal. In the central space numbered "1," the name of the individual is written. In the spaces of the concentric bands, the names of the ancestors are placed, each band representing a generation. The figures in the spaces may be used as reference numbers.

2. The fan-shaped pedigree chart, while it eliminates the difficulty of spreading over too

much space, is less easy to read than 57.

Theories of sound " finance

Desires of rentiers with &xed money in- comes

Poor harvest.^

Undue pessi- mism of busi- ness men

Seasonal depression

Foreign tariffs

E>eflation

f'r

Trade de- pression

L

Rigid wages and prices

Other (e.g.

banking) conditions

constant

More unemployment

r

Fall in

the

(money)

cost of

living

I

Rise in

pnce of

fixed

interest

securities

I

More poor relief Higher insurance contributions

Higher rates and taxes

Additional public loans

p. Sargrnt Florrnce, "Thr Statistical Method in Economics and Political Science," 1929, Krgan Paul fli Co., London.

B. Genealogical Presentation of the Theory of Unennploynnent.

1. The lines in the original of this chart were undoubtedly set in type, not drawn. The

lines have been retouched and thickened.

2. This chart illustrates the point that there is more than one reason for unemployment.

GENEOLOGY AND GENETICS CHARTS

57

I

Ancestral Publuhing H Supply Co., Chicago, 111.

A Columnar Anceitral Chart.

The left to right rather than top to bottom arrangement makes it possible to get in a great deal of information. The horizontal rather than circular arrangement makes the chart easy to read. Compare this form with 56 A

58

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

EIrctronicsi Octobrr, 1938. Part of an Editorial on Public Relations for Industry.

The Family Tree of the Thermionic Tubes.

SCALE .7

Although the term "family tree" does not necessarily mean a '■tree." the "tree" form of heredity or family chart is a well-known one. The "tree" here presented is in reality a chronological statement of events, all of which have contributed to the existence of the "thermionic tubes."

59

Chapter 6 ORGANIZATION CHARTS

I'krsonnki.

DiRECTOn

E

SuptTvisor of Technical Kmploymcnt and Training

Medical Director

SuptTvisor of Traitiinp

Supervisor of Insurance and Benefits

Supervisor of Research

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, •Functions of the Personnel Director," 193 7.

A. Organization Chart of the Headquarters Staff of a Personnel Director Whose Company Has Units in Various Parts of the Country,

.^Ji

Personnrl Director

r

Supervisor of Employment

Supervisor of Compensation

Supervisor of Sales Personnel

Supervisor of Training

t:

1

Supervisor of Employee Helations

Supervisor of

Manufacturing

Personnel

Supervisor of OITice Personnel

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, "Functions of the Personnel Director," 193 7.

B. An Organization Chart Showing That an Organization Which is Engaged in Manufacturing Also Has Special Staff Men for Both Functional and Depart- mental Problems.

60

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

I

z • E

il

'il

<

Mil

' IMlill

mrz

^Hl

-f

•I

mwwm

ih

'ii!'ji'ilii!'L

mm

jii

o

o

>-

Z

3 O

S t

. o

u. o

c c j< 2

s -s

^ C

HI c o

c y

jj c

^ o ^

I o ;

> — o

O jC

2 H

z ir ^

ORGANIZATION CHARTS

61

A. Diagram of the Organization of the CCC made by President Roosevelt in 1933.

The most complex and widespread organi- zations may begin from just such crude drawings as this one.

<^//i:,

"/

[a^ \u^

?/j, p^ ^' ^"^ ^ «

Newtr>aper of the Civilian Coniervation Corpt, "Happy Dayt." April 2, 1938. SCALE .4

PURCHASING

ZIZ

PLANTATION (Owner or Generol Monoger)

MARKETINC (0«n«r O' Monog»r)

STORE OR COMMISSARY

(S><yt w fvm U4O

CONNECTION *1TM CREDIT INSTITUTIONS

(O.ntf)

Ode

*tNiN' fAQMS

WPA. Diviaion of Social Rrtearch, "Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation," 1936.

SCALE .6

B. Organization of Enterprises on the Large and Closely Supervised Cotton Plan- tation in the United States.

The organization chart starting with the top and then branching downward to small division at the bottom is perhaps the best known form of organization chart. How the branching will be done depends a great deal upon the organization.

62

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

I. Ho O«0£raphlcal SobdlTlBlons

ovrici

ill rincera

II.

Centnllied Geographical SubdiTlBlone

Short Arms Long Fingers

The Field

III.

Decentralized Geo- graphical SubdlTlfllons

Long irns Short Fingers

The Field

Luther Gulick and L. Urwick, "Papcri on the Science of Administration." Institute of Public Administra- tion. N. Y. C. 1937. SCALE .6

Three Types of Geographical Division of Work.

The practical application of these forms of organization may be found in government. A detailed explanation of each is in the book from which this chart was taken.

ORGANIZATION CHARTS

63

NATWMAL fcLlCTRIC POWtR COMPAffY

wm

«»% ^ fft-ff

■■■ MOtfUl* COWMWr

■^^^ oftttrrmt co—P«Ht j < M rix*o tMOf* /v r ' •

Hew York Times, Dccrmhrr H, 1QJ2.

JlRliY Antral

NWt«»ll«NTCO

.1

<C JllIB^

tetrrtt M»MO¥t»

StABiARD fUMKUtVICtCt

: "J

loetHiiftnjnfft in MU>mms

24 COMMNII i ftte B)

IU1I0NALPU5IIC

srtvict cow

MUHICIHL )ttvic| COM

Kfsiufiimmo

a COMMMitS

(31 e 0) SCALE .6

A. An Organization Chart Showing How Holdings of the Eastern Insull Utilities Were Pledged.

In order to differentiate, cross hatchings and shadings may be used effectively in an organi- zation chart. A variety of shapes as well as shadings distinguishes the divisions.

I V- 1	1
1 1	—

\m{

T		r		— 1
'."7		c_,..,.
				1
	T JU,

	r		— 1
	IT.		*'rSl..''
	1		__J
		1
	.	'"""	1

Induttrial Managcmrnt, June, 1917.

SCALE 1

B. Organization Chart of the Shell Plant in Erie, Pennsylvania, of the American Brake Shoe and Foundry Company.

A circular form is seldom used in organization hierarchy, probably because it is difficult to indicate hierarchy in a circle.

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

if i >ih

^ METER OIV.

J^!.^

SWITCHGEAR OIV. 2441

ADVERTISING 16

SALES /| ENGINEERING SI 2098 // 304

MINISTRATION I ACCOUNT

15» 1519

OFFICERS

It

riNG

SM

DIRECTORS 16

Wettinuhouif Electric & ManufacturinR Co . PittsburRh, Pa.. 'WestiiiRhousc Industrial Relations." 1937.

The Westinghouse Family Tree in 1937.

This is an effective and leKitimate use of the structure of a tree. It is an organization chart superimposed upon a "family tree." Compare this form with 58.

ORGANIZATION CHARTS

( ELECTORS )

65

/^PUBLIC SAFETY^ DIRECTOR

POLICE- FIRE -BUILDINGS WELFARE & W0RKMCXJ5E MARKETS, WEIGHTS &

V MEASURES J

^ LAW ^

DIRECTOR

LESI5LATI0N-ASSES3MENTS LEGAL COUNSEL-REAL ESTATE MUNICIPAL COURT ;

I

f PUBLIC WORKS A

DIRECTOR

HIGHWAYS • SEWERS RE CORDS MUNICIPAL GARASEPBOPERTV acHIGMWAY MAINTENANCE v^WASTE COLLECTION J

/^PUBLIC UTILITIES^

DIRECTOR

TRANSPORTATION TRAFnC

STREET LISHTIN6 ^v AIRPORT

'water works^

SUPERlNTCNPgNT

DISTRIBUTION

SUPPLY COMMERCIAL

1. Nine members elected bi-annually.

2. Selected by Council from its membership.

3. Appointed by Council.

4. Appointed by the Mayor.

5. Three members — 1 each appointed by the Mayor, Board of Education, and University Directors.

6. Five members — 3 appointed by the Mayor, and 1 each by the Board of Education and the Park Board.

Annual Report of the City Manager, Cincinnati, Ohio. 1937.

Organization Chart of the City of Cincinnati.

SCALE .9

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

THE ELECTORATE

			S§^
CITY ATTORNEY			POLICE COURT
CITY PROStXUTOR			SPECIAL AUDITOR

m LEGISLATIVE IL

^uQARO or CJZS^AlBC^XDB^Ij

1 GENERAL GOVERNMENT
CIT Y CONTROLLER			CITY TREASURER
ASSESSOR			PURCHASES 4 SUPPLIES
PUBLIC BVILPINQ^			EMPLOYMENT
		BUREAU

, PROTECTION TO PERSONS k PROPERTY

POLICE OEPT

BUILDING DEIPT

FIRE DEPT

EMERGENCY

HOSPITAL

BOARD OF REVIEW

MISCELLANEOUS

PRINTING DEPT

CIVIC AUDITORIUM

CROWN CITY RANCH

SANITATION k CLCANLINESS

ENGR, DEPT REFUSE DiSPQSAU

ENGR.DEPT LOT CLEANING

5EWAGC THEATMDfT PLANT

STREETS « HIGHWAYS ''

ENGR.DEPT STS. A. HIGHWAYS			STREET LIGHTING

RELIEF k SOCIAL SERVCE

1 PARKS k RECREATION |
PARIV DEPT			DEPT OF RtCPEATION

PUBLIC UTILITIES

LIGHT & POWERF

WATER

HEALTH DEPT.

Annual Report of the City Manager, Paiadena, California, 1937.

Organization Chart of the City of Pasadena.

Compare this type of organization chart of a city-manager form of government with 65.

ORGANIZATION CHARTS

67

o

o

c

o

I

	E
.	t
r	«
	o.
.2	4»
CS	n
CO	-♦-
u	3
iS	U
•
.J	U
	o
o	c
	c
	o
v	o
3
PQ	a>
U	-♦-
a	*♦-
^	o
^	c
0	o
t'	t^
1	S
1	c
a
c5	1. O

68

Chapter 7 RELATIONSHIP CHARTS

A "RELATIONSHIP CHART" is a diagram in which facts, in- formation, etc., are arranged to emphasize their relation. It differs from a classification chart in that relationships may be shown without any classification of the material used.

GEOGRAOhfy

i^iuoootooy;

.V^vif O (?

CCONOM>CS

From "An Outline of the Principle! of Geology" by R. M. Field, Copyright 1938. Used by Permitiion of the Publithert, Barne* & Noble, Inc. SCALE .6

A. The Relations of Geology To and Its Interrelations With Other Divisions of Knowledge.

1. This diagram suggests that geology is

not an isolated thing, but is bound up with many branches of study.

2. The divisions immediately adjacent to

the center of this chart are the ones most closely related to the science of geology. Those divisions on the outer edges are related to geology through the intermediate subjects.

From "An Outline of the Natural Re»ource» of the United State*" by R. M. Field, Copyright 1936. Used by Permission of the Publishers, Barnes H Noble, Inc. SCALE .6

B. Relation of Natural Resources to Hunnan Activities and Interre- lations With Other Branches of Study.

Although similar to the preceding chart, this diagram differs in that rela- tionships around the circle are in- dicated as well as from the center outward.

RELATIONSHIP CHARTS

69

SPECIAL W*R WORK ON—

MILITARY MAPPING

Making progr«itiv« miliUry indei map of United States SURVEY OF SITES.

Balloon fields

Ordnance proving grounds

Artillery sites

Areas near cantonments

Aviation fields

ROUTE MAPS.

Airplane routes.

Motor truck routes ENGINEER REGIMENTS.

Contributing 110 officers.

Contributing 164 men.

Training officers and enlisted men

Training school for topographers.

PURCHASE AND SHIPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS

NEW AIRPLANE CAMERA.

CONFIDENTIAL MILITARY DATA.

Orientation manual.

GENERAL TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION. TOPOGRAPHIC DRAFTING.

Artillery instruction maps.

Danger poster for hydroplane.

French conventional signs.

Base maps to scale for miscellaneous surveys

'.^

>^'

C'^v\\'vv'>V

CONTRIBUTED TO-

WAR DEPARTMENT.

' General SUff. Corps of Engineers. > Ordnance.

'^' . Artillery.

IcT .-V-:'

I

. Quartermaster.

' Signal Corps.

■ Aviation.

'Surgeon General's Office. I Departmental commanders. ' Any officers requesting. , NAVY DEPARTMENT.

■ Marine Corps.

.COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE.

■ FRENCH MISSION.

U. S. Department of Interior. "Thirty-ninth Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey." 1918.

SCALE .8

Relationship Chart Showing the Contributions to War Service by the Topographic Branch of the U. S. Geological Survey.

1. In this chart, the fact that one government department cooperates extensively with

others is brought out with force.

2. It would not be wise to use this form to show too many interrelationships, however, as

all detail would be lost.

T

LajL

nn

m

w

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Pl'RPOSE AND PROCESS SLBDI\ ISIONS |\ 0R(;ANIZATI0N

PrIVBi* ••crstarlac

lh4««k off lear AaeottBtut*

r^fiifcMlM •ttumr

•vitebboa^ operator

Hoiorlt*d ••mo«

g 'I

^ r

AfttilMii •BBarlaMaAaali

Pr|v«t« ••er«tart««

ni* clvrkt Cl«rk*

1>«««I offte«r

Laboratory aoilvtaatt

Olaoorocs %oaeb*r» •paelal toactaora LlkTarlaaa taeroatlOB laWlar* Plufgroaad mparrlat

traffle auporvlaor

ftvlkabbeard oparator

UoiorlMd aarrli

PCLia nvanar

AcolitoAl Chlof*

frtvaia oacroiarlaa Itaaecrapbaro ril* elarko CTarka Haoiawart

la4cat off 1 oar iCoouniaBto ^rehaali^ effioar

CrUa laboratoT7 ataff Pellea •ehooj ttaff

Valtormmd tore*

Traffle foraa Jail ttaff Hountad feroa

Hotorisad Borrloa

V

iattotMt Ot^loctoM

Prlvata ■aeratarla llaaecraptera nia elorka Clortt

BBd«at effioar ipcoulaate

fttfcha«t4C off •tatlttlclMU

h

rill

iBClMara

irehltact* Laadacapa otaff Bapalr forea Jaaltora

Plaat laboratory ataff

Traffic foroa

lae staff

Tatarlaarlaa •vitebbeard operator

Heterliad aarrlea

IS 3

RlaiL nriwork - Puipoer dt-panmrnu RrtI network - Fiiicm drparlinrnu

Luther Gulick and L. Urwick, "Papers on the Science of AdminUtration," Iiwtitute of Public Adminiitra- tion, N. Y. C, 1937. SCALE .6

The Interrelationships of the Purpose and Process Subdivisions in Organization.

Four sample city departments are presented vertically, each divided into its functions and workers. A considerable number of workers are common to all or to several depart- ments. These are indicated by the horizontal red network. Thus when an organiza- tion has both purpose and process departments, interrelationships are essential, in fact, impossible to escape.

RELATIONSHIP CHARTS

71

Sue^raArta		Paooucra
1 Acofakior\y&g		Acit taldal\yd9	1.
t Acof>c actd	Acatic odd	2
X Ac«fOOC9ttC ocU	Acefoacvflc add	3
4. Acorona	Acaton»	4
4 AC9fon^<iicorbojeylic ocni	Aceton« -dicorbayrllc odd	5
C Acmtyl citrbmot	Acetyl carblnol	C
7. Acarjflmvrhjfl corbinol	Acolylmolhyl corblr>ol	7
* Aery loldahjrde	Acryloldohyde	&
9. Outyl olcoho/	Butyl alcohol	a
KX 3,3-bufjHenr glycol	2,3butylon» glycol	IQ
II. butyric ocid	Butyric acid	11
IZ. Caproic octd	Coproic odd	12
IX Coprylx: odd	Capryhc Ofld	13
M Carbon diotido	Carbon diOMldw	14
IS. Cirric acid	Citric odd	15
le. Oihydrtuy ocefone	Oihydrojry acotonv	IC
IT Cthyl alcohol	Ctl\yl alcohol	17
/a. ethylene glycol	Cthylenv glycol	16
IS. rormic acid	Formic add	19
20. fumorlc acid	rumaric acid	20
21. Gluconic ocid	Gluconic ocid	2t
22. Clyceroldohyde'	Glyccroldehyde	22
?3 Glyceric acid	Olycoric ocid	23
24. Clyce-rol		Glycerol	24
2S Clycolaldtr^hyde	Gly c ololdo hydo	25
2C Glycolllc Odd	Olycollic add	2C
27 Olycuror>,c ockI	Glycuronic acid	27
2& ClyOMylic acid	OlyOJrylic acid	2a
29 Hydro^m	Hydrogen	29
yO f3 hydroiry butyric oCd	^-hydroxy butyric odd	3Q
31 laobulyr'c ocid	laobutyrlc add	31
32. Isopropyl o/cohol	laopropyl alcohol	32
33 Kero -g/ucoriic ocid	Hefo- gluconic acid	33
34 Lactic acid	Lactic acid	34
35 Molic ocKi	^S	Malic ocid	35
3€ Molornc ocid	Malonic acid	36
37 Mandelic ocid	Mondelic ocid	37
3& Mtrthyl glyoral	t^ethtyl glyojrol	30
39 Ouialooftic acid	Oxolace-t'C ocid	39
4Q Ojralic acid	OjroliC oc id	40
41. Propioriic Odd	Propionic acid	41
41 Propyl okohol	Propyl olcol^ot	42
43 Propylene glycol	^^^	Propylene glycol	43
44 Pyruvic acid	Pyruvic acid	44
45 Succinic odd	Succinic acid	45
4C Tarfor/c ocid	Tartaric acid	4G
47 Trimefhylcnc glycol	Trimethylene glycol	47
4& Volvric ocid	Valeric ocid	40

Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, November, 1930.

SCALE .8

The Fermentative Interrelationships of the Micro-Biological Dissimilation Products of the Carbohydrates.

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

— T3

O ^

5

o> °

^ •)

E «

o «i

O

"U o

SI E

> w»

11

0) u

o o

4) _c

52

t .5

Q. C

3

o

■- V

« 5

u *^

** C

£ -

« C O u

a <c

a „

0) jy

'5 ■«

73

Chapter 8 FLOW CHARTS

low charts present a graphic explanation of the movement of materials, printed forms, etc., through an organization or struc- ture. "Cosmograph" is the trade name for a type of flow chart presenting numerical information or percentages by means of black and white strips of paper, showing source contrasted with destination.

I

Materials From the Wide-world

For A World-wide Product

Electric Storage Battery Co. Philadelphia, "Ezide-IroocUd Topic*." May. 1933.

SCALE .5

How Charf Showing Source of Materials for Manufacture and Distribution of the Completed Product.

74

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Month of MovCMeiR -1919-

bastd upon Ovfbound Ship Tonnajt. 1913. 1 * J

Jamet R. Bibbins and Bion J. Arnold, "Our National Transportation System," Proceedings of New York Railroad Club, April, 1923. SCALE .9

A. Railroad Traffic Flow Diagram.

The similarity between this flow chart and a simple balance sheet with "amopnts received" and "amounts paid out" is quite pronounced. Compare with 79.

M«nufK~1urui|[ IVpanmrn

Uiion DvptnmctiL

Weekly Average Net Paid Circulation 1,910.282

Drawn Under the Direction of Willard C. Brinton in Consultation with a Firm of Certified Public Accountants. SCALE .5

B. Method of Displaying Proof of the Circulation for a Weekly Magazine.

This chart resulted from a survey made by a firm of certified public accountants. Since the formation of the Audit Bureau of Circulations in Chicago, any survey like this would not be necessary.

FLOW CHARTS

75

COOPERATING AG&NCIES

N

N

N

I'MTONAt. COOfctT NinvCt

STATt ( INTtRMATt

UI4MMI/AV COMWIVMON

I

COUNTY 4 Rt&IOMAL

COUNTY PlANNINKi OTX PArjK BOARD -COOPtn- ATIN& WITH STAT6 AND CITY PLANNING BOAROl

LOCAL 1 METROPOLITAN

CITY Pl.ANNINfc COMMIIMON

Planning tbCTiONt Of-

PARK 4 ICUOOL BOAAOS

NATOMAIPADK tCQVCL NATtONAL COntST »tffV>C4 U > QiCXO&CAt luRVtV

CONitnvATON COMM

MIGUWAV COMMltMON

COOPtrJATiNG LCX.AL

ACtNOtJ

JL_1

COUNTY PAPlC BOARD

BOAfJDOC lUPtaviKDni

CCX)PtOATIN& LOCAL

ACCNCitS

CITV PARK BOAAO AND PATJIt DtPTV iCWOOL BOAaD\

I

f

I

NATIONAL PARK itOVCt NATIONAL COQtlT VtnVKt

u s BOLO&tCAL iuavtv

VTATl CONitUVAnON COM

I

CON\taVATlON COMM WlGUWAY COMMimON CCX)PCr5ATiNG LOCAL

A&ENCiES

i

N

COUNTY

PAn< ooAnD\

1

PAHK DtPAnTMtNT» ICMOOL OOAnOi ntCRtATlON COMM.

1

ECDCnAL AGtNClCSTO CONTROL AND PntJtnvt AntAS Ot NATONAL IMPOOTXiMCt

PQiMtVAL AQ^At ntttAfXU AOtAS NATONAL POntJT} NATIONAL PAJIICV WilLDLlCt MANGMTAQtAt

HiiTonictAncw. htk^

iCCNC AOCA^ M^-NVAV^ AND PARKW/tt^

I

iTATt AGtNCitS TO ACQUint DtVtLOPAND MAINTAJN CAClLlTltS TO ADCQUATt- LY MttT RtQuiRtMtNTi Of iTi PtOPLQ COO iN\Plf> ATOKNATunt tDUCATON AND ACTIVt OtCntATION NOTOTHtTNI/Ht PnOvlDCD ITATt fOQESTS JTATt PAnnS r»EStr3VATlC5N\ <WLD LIFt nCFUGtS ROADSIDt DtVtLDPMtNTJ PARitWAVS LAHtS AND nnEAMS GAMl MANAClMlNTAAlAt WliTCniCiCtNC lOthfTlfIC

DtVtLOPMCNT AND OPCn- ATlON Of ATJtAS AND PROJtCTS OEVOND THE JCOPt OP LCXAL UNIT^ NOT WIDESPREAD ENOUGH TO JUlTltY HATt CONTROL

COUNTY PARK.S

PARKWAYS

PRESERVES

LAICtS

PAIRGROUNDS

tTC

^r^

LOCAL AGtNCItS TO ACQUIRE, DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN PAClLlTltS PRIMARILY POR LOCAL UiE

NtlGWDOnwOOO AND

SCWOOL PLAYGROUNDS

PLAYPlELDS

NEIGWBORMOOD AND

•IN TOWN* PARICS

LARGE PARKS

PRESERVES

PARK. WAYS

ETC

J

PUBLIC RtCRtATION PACILITICS POR ALL TM& PEOPLE

1

National RctourcFt Board, "State Planning," 1Q35.

A Plan for Public Recreation In Iowa.

SCALE .8

The arrows indicate the "flow" of activity from four groups of cooperating agencies towards the attainment of public recreation facilities for "all the people."

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Ooial SJcpmno*

J» htvJm* tMt6o iitrm* atLJUM futttlr,

t

Ufi* CQsi of m4tititiit'^ /^e slor^ in s cond't/ot of rutjintii Kr jjas Cf^e nni» ittmt of ttpttta it ilot cUuificition art Rani. fu*l. Inter f%i on ii>u»»/m»mi Dtfirecntion on frxrurn a»a e^uipmmnl. rvpaira, a por- tion ofuj*9f dfoiud io —sinttnnnce

LfA* cos^ of iiouM^ m*itAan^)n tkru /Ac processti of tkt biainrss CSt^wd tr)d itlliJici) <yf» IO*'* itmms ofttp%u» mUiii cUm trt. fioti cf U* itUrm* andimjiai, Aavrlnmd, daiirtr^ ofiantlioni. supplimt, Mywioae

Oitt codt/ tk, credit function. <Ji* m*m tAmtatj or egpmt $» it ikii cUsjificthon art oH» coni of account ltd or boaikaaputd, coIk/xn

ntinienAnce itd rfovemenc aown into kuK) smaller pooli

LKpensc <«re cjitn broken, on the diffarenl haaes of-

DiMct3iMoc*iiam.

WmtDt^.

jhtie pools art Chnrocd li. IKt liemi sola— *

"yiiis poof /a cliar^md to tht ittt on th^ basis of dollars cjf a*ks.

jftii pool on the 6dsis of an cilaiJishtd doJIar mainlen ■ ance etpensrper JolLrcl iJti pro n/rt^d to ittms

iMrtct //lis pool on the t)Jiisaf the ai>0rade muentory inuescme/ir in the /naiYidual item in the drrxcri/ cJtt*artmtnt

Zfhesc pools gre chardecf fo inn>4 On the l>isis of frt^^ncif of mslu

U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, March, 1934.

SCALE .9

The Commodity Cost Accounting Method Employed in a Survey Made by the Domestic Commerce Division of the U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.

1. Flow charts to indicate accounting methods are well known.

2. Similar charts are used to indicate terminology to be applied to certain classifications.

For example, in a foreign trade chart cf this type, it could be indicated by means of boxes and arrows that the term "domestic imports" applies to those products which are exported by ut in raw material form and then imported in another form.

FLOW CHARTS

n

MRVATI MAWI10WCI

PUMX MMMTOVI

MIMIC MAMTINANO AND ■•TAW*

t«M,eM,Me

lailroo^f, StTMt ^1^3. Railwoyt ft Subwoyt (400.000 000

Pip* lin*f. (Ml •! tl5.000.000

o* Production >d Oittribution (75.000.000

ph

ghwoyt ft lrld9*l .315.000.000

T*l«phono ft T«l*9 $145,000,000

I

CONSTIUCTION coiiv*m privat* tavia^t into pro4o<tlv« strwrtvrct and witfc public Mvinqi raitvt commaiilty «tM<«rdi •< liviaq. It pr«d»c»» tk* >tr»ct»r«i that pravidc our tkclter. traiiip*rtatieii, cemnmBicotioii, drf«BM, p«w(r. li^t. k*«t. water, watt* di>p«>«l. rocrratioa, coairrvatiea and dcvclopmeirt of ewr aatioiial re>ourc*<.

Bngineerinc Newi Record, October, 1938, Part of an Editorial on "The Conatniction Indiutry, What It i»— What It Doe*.- SCALE .7

The Wide Range of Construction in the United States.

Here again is a simple balance sheet, with the emphasis on the places from which the money for construction came, and the places to which it went.

78

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

International Butineti Machines Corp., N. Y. C.

A. The Use of a Cosmograph to Make a Flow Chart.

1. The "Cosmograph" is a flow chart made by using the device shown above. One thousand

strips of paper are set on edge to represent 100%, and are separated into com- ponent parts of 100%.

2. These two illustrations give two steps in making a "Cosmograph." The first shows the

process of locating and firmly clamping the strips of paper into position. The second shows wedge spacers and bar spacers being inserted between groups of strips of paper.

Tha Ant Of nagoliva phottMlohc prim of Ih* Cotmogroph M(-up ot tho lofl.

International Butinrts Machines Corp., N. Y. C.

B. The Completed Cosmograph.

1. Border guides are placed in position to block out excess ends of the paper strips and the

Cosmograph is ready for photostatting.

2. The negative photostatic print appears at the right. Note that all black portions of the

device fail to reproduce. Of the one thousand strips of paper, twenty are red and are set at each 5% mark. In the negative photostat, these red strips of paper repro- duce as white.

FLOW CHARTS

79

u

o o

z

o

z g

D

m a.

</)

o

111

<

o

q:

hi

o u

z

§ 8

*- .o

I

:5 1 i n

E -^ v2

E .2 «

Q.

o

tS J 8

^ o

.!! « ii

O ^ «

0» a -

c -f •»

i - =

O c

< H

80

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

International Butinest Machine* Corp., N. Y. C.

SCALE .6

A. Cosmograph Showing Distribution of German Reparation Payments.

1. The left side of the chart shows the total amount of reparations, and the countries by

which they were received. The center of the chart shows the amounts retained by each country, indicated by the broken portions of the branches. The right side of the chart shows the amounts paid in turn by the several countries to the United States. The extreme right shows the total amount received by the United States.

2. The effect of the broken branches is obtained by sliding the paper strips backward until

their ends lie at the center of the chart. The remaining strips are held in position at the center by the insertion of wedges.

ll'TTtUit

International Butineti Machines Corp., N. Y. C. SCALE .6

B. Cosmograph Showing Simple Income and Outgo.

1. In setting up such a chart, the center trunk is clamped in the usual manner. The income

side of the chart is set up and clamped, the board is turned and the expenditure side is arranged and clamped.

2. A short strip of black paper is pasted across the trunk to provide a white block on the

negative photostatic print. The total money value is noted in type on this white block.

81

Chapter 9 SECTOR CHARTS

A SECTOR chart presents data in the form of a circle. The circle is divided along its radii so that the angle of each sec- tion is proportional to the factual data it represents. Other terms used for sector chart are: pie chart, divided circle. In practically every instance in which material is presented in a sector chart, the same information might also be presented in bar charts. See Chapters 10 and 12.

I

From D. P. Donnant, "StatUtical Account of the United State* of America," 1805, Oeeenland Ai Nofria, London. The Chart Wa« Made by William Playfair. SCALE .5

Statistical Representation of the United States of America in 1805.

1. This, so far as is known, was one of the first sector charts. William Playfair, the man

who invented the method, called it a "divided circle."

2. In Statiatical Breviary, 1801, William Playfair presented a group of circles whose areas

were equal to the areas of the countries they represented. The circle representing the Turkish Empire was divided into 3 sections. Since this preceded the illustration above in point of time, it may have been the first sector chart.

82

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

A. Employment and Unemploymenf Experience of 129 Displaced Hand Cigar Makers in Man- chester, N. Y., as Recorded Five Years After the Lay-off.

1. Divisions within divisions are possible

in the sector chart. Here two cate- gories, employed and unemployed, are further divided so that the circle is in reality divided into four parts.

2. Shading pieces of the sector chart

makes the chart easier to read.

Works Progress Administration, National Re- search Project, "Summary of Findings to Date," March, 1938. SCALE .5

INTEREST, RENTS. OTMER SMALL SOURCES il3.SS2,T85,000

DIVIDENDS FROM OTHER CORPORATIONS $2.a9C,041.000 (1%)

Factory Management and Maintenance, October, 1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled, "How a Company Can Make Simple Reports to Its Employees." SCALE .8

B. Sources of the Total Income of Manufacturing Industries for the Period 1929- 1935. Total $330,709,960,000.

The sector chart gives an angle and area comparison. The relative merits of the sector chart and the 100% bar chart in presenting the same facts arc disputed.

SECTOR CHARTS

83

TO EMfLOYCCS IN SALARIES

(mt inclu^in^ ttltrm •( cMsptny •ffici

% 11.034,050,000

(1«.5%)

TO OWNERS AS DIVIDENDS

i U,904.C02,000

(19 2'/.)

TO MANAGEMENT

talirits of company offictri

$ «,209. STC.OOO

(8V.)

Factory Managrmrnt and Maintenance, October, 1Q38, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled, "How Much Employee!, Management, and Owners Got." SCALE .6

A. Total Paid Employees, Management, and Owners for the Period 1929-1935 in Manufacturing Industries.

1. In all three of the sector charts presented , the largest component part has been

placed on the top section of the circle. For artistic balance and eye appeal this may be the preferred practice. But to aid in making comparisons between any two of these, it probably would have been better to arrange the sections as shown in 88B.

2. Expenditures and income of the manufacturing industries are shown in this chart and

83B.

SNNT F*r Mirctt and Rant

tt.in,a:.o«« (i.«%)

SffNT I «f PiMt aMt ^ylplMIlt S<1.«*«.TS«,0M

Far T»«a }t.4«0,IM.SS0

AVAILABLE Far EmploYtti, Manaqamcnt, Ownara

i7e.M2,)*4.«e«

(tl.2%)

Factory Management and Maintenance, October, 1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled, "How a Company Can Make Simple Reports to Its Employees." SCALE .6

B. Disposition of Total Income of Manufacturing Industries for the Period 1929- 1935. Total $330,709,960,000.

1. When it is impossible to place the titles for the compyonent parts of a sector chart in a

horizontal position within the section, the above method exemplifies good practice.

2. Expenditures and income of the manufacturing industries are shown in this chart and

83A.

84

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

1927

1930

$787,000,000 1932

$850,000,000 1934

$699,000,000

Real estate

Personal property

Gasoline

$608,000,000

Automobile f -^others licenses

O'

U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

Sources of the Farm-Tax Dollar in the United States for the Years 1927, 1930, 1932, and 1934.

The general rule regarding the arrangement of the component parts of a sector chart is that the divisions should be arranged according to magnitudes clockwise with the 12 o'clock mark as the starting point. This rule, however, is a flexible one. It should be noted that the 192 7 circle follows the general rule and establishes the arrange- ment of shadings which is adhered to in the other circles.

SECTOR CHARTS

85

MIDNIGHT

A. Comparison of Crimes Against Persons By Time Periods in Cin- cinnati in 1937.

This is a comparison of areas rather than angles as can easily be seen by comparing the section labelled 18.3% with 9.9%. a ratio of about 2 to 1. The distance along the radius for each does not appear to be as 2 is to 1.

(M^OOW

Cincinnati, Ohio, "Municipal Activitiet." 1037.

SCALE .5

1888

1938

Carpantsr	HOURS WORKED A.M. ,1 J^i P.M.	HOURS WORKED A.M. uJL\ PM. 0
Bricklayar	II " 1	0
Common Laboror	#	uj^ 0
Shovel Operator		0

Engineering New* Record, October. 1938. Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled, "The Con- struction Industry, What It Is — What It Does." SCALE .9

B. A Comparison of the Hours Worked in New York City on Various Construction Jobs in 1888 and 1938.

The average number of hours worked in each of the two years, 1888 and 1938, is actually plotted on a clock so that not only the number of hours but the time of day involved can be seen. For instance, in 1888, an hour was allotted for lunch. In two categories in 1938 only half an hour is allotted for lunch.

86

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

scanrr rtvo — St

M«rr) OrVAJC >WTtfm»

CnrvrnM

Leonard P. Ayrci. "The War With Germany," Government Printing OflFice, 1919.

A. Deaths of American Soldiers by Principal Diseases in the World War.

This chart illustrates the position of a miscellaneous item when compo- nent parts are presented. Although the percentage of soldiers who died from diseases other than those listed is second to the percentage of those who died from pneumonia, it is placed last in the clockwise arrangement.

Power. October. 1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled "Man's Power Part- ner." SCALE .8

B. Distribution of Industry's Dollar in 1937.

1. One distinctive feature about this chart

is the use of a black background which emphasizes both the grey and blue sections.

2. By alternating light and dark, it is

possible to make two colors do the work of four. Jnrrrtm^ifomi rtotocutrwi

v^Tmow 'iimtac

U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor StatUtict, "Labor Information Bulletin," October, 1936.

SCALE .4

C. Total Cost of Direct Labor and Materials on PWA Construction Projects, 1933- 1936.

1. The use of many circles and the arrangement of each one makes this an interesting

group of charts.

2. In order to aid in comparing one circle with another, it might have been better to have

a common starting point, that is, to have the black section of each circle start at the top center as in 84.

3. Note that the numbers beneath the circle give the amount of money spent for each

purpose, but have no bearing on the size of the circles.

SECTOR CHARTS

87

SALES DOLLAR

INVESTED DOLLAR

I

4.3« Profit

During the period 1923-1934 (latest figures available) the average profit in the manufacturing industries was equal to 4.2$ for each sales dollar, or 4.3( for each invested dollar

Factory Management and. Maintenance. October, 1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relationt Entitled, "A Program for Public-Relation*."

Percentage of Profit from a Sales Dollar and an Invested Dollar.

1. The use of a dollar or other coin in place of a circle adds to the effectiveness of a sector

chart.

2. It might have been better to place the section labelled "Profit" at the 12 o'clock mark.

The difTcrence between 4.2 and 4.3 is so slight that the eye has difficulty in noting it. Because the sections are centered on the 6 o'clock mark, it is even more difficult to sec the difTcrence.

88

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

NET IMPORTS

NET EXPORTS

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

SCALE .7

A. Average World Trade in Apples by Countries for the Five Year Period from 1928 to 1932.

1. The lettering on this chart, the method of division, and the arrangement of the sections

should be commended. Although labels usually are kept on a horizontal plane, the small size of the sections may make it impossible to follow this method even by the use of arrows.

2. These data might be more clearly shown by a 100% bar chart.

I9I0-I9I4

1924-1929

AV. PRODUCTION

2,614,000,000 BUS.

AV. PRODUCTION

2,610,000,000 BUS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economic*. SCALE .7

B. Distribution of Corn in the United States for the Two Periods 19 10- 1 9 14 and 1924-1929.

1. This chart presents the best method of dividing the circle and labelling its parts.

2. The chart is marked clockwise in magnitudes with the first line beginning at 12 o'clock.

3. The lettering of the sections is on a horizontal plane so that it is not necessary to turn

the chart to read the labels.

SECTOR CHARTS

89

I

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, N. Y. C, "Mechanical Engineering," February, 1921.

SCALE .5

A. Average Annual Net Expenditure of the Federal Governnnent During the Period 1910 to 1919, and for the Same Period Exclusive of War Cost.

1. If you think of this type of chart as two sector charts, one larger than the other with

the smaller on top, it is much easier to understand.

2. It would have been impossible to put the titles of the segments on a horizontal plane

in this sector chart. Care has been taken, however, to make the lettering clear.

American Atiociation of State Highway Official!, 'American Highway*." April. 1938. SCALE .5

B. Distribution of the Total Federal Budget for 1937 and 1939,

Since the budget for highways was the point of emphasis, public works, of which it ia « part, was placed at the center top. Note that public works only was subdivides) to allow for this emphasis.

90

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

A. Assets and Liabilities of the Elgin National Watch Company in 1937.

This differs from the sector chart below in that the dividing line between the assets and liabilities is a ver- tical one rather than a horizontal one.

LIAMLITICS

Elgin National Watch Co.. Elgin, Illinois, "Let's Look at the Record of 1937."

South Manchuria Railway Co., "Contemporary Manchuria," a Bimonthly Magazine, Japan, September, 1938.

B. Distribution of Assets and Liabilities of the South Manchuria Railway Company in 1938.

Half of this circle represents the assets of the South Manchuria Railway Company and the other half the liabilities. Each half equals 100%.

SECTOR CHARTS

91

M Oc in l»l«

7.0e in ISIC

IS.Ic in 19IC

S.Sc

in l»IS

4.4c

in 1916

l.lc in ISIC

U.»c in 1»I6

For Labor

For Locofnotiv* Fuel

For other Matariali and S

For Loat and Danrtafe, Injuri** to Parsons, Insurancs, Pensions, Ospraciation and Retirements

For Tax

For Equipnrtcnt and Joint Facility Rentals

Balance Rentaininf (Net I Operating Income) as on the Capital Invested Property

For each Dollar of Operating Revenues Received, the Railways had $4.90 Invested in their Properties in 1916 and $6.37 in 1936.

S.9056 in 1916

When the foregoinf Pannies of Net Railway Operating Income were divided among the Dollars of Investment, each Dollar received this Return

J.S956

in I93C

Committee on Public Relations of the Eastern Railroad. N. Y. C, "A Yearbook of Railroad Informa- tion." 1937.

A Comparison of the Distribution of the Average Dollar of Operating Revenues Received by Class I Railways in 1916 and 1936.

This might be called a cumulative sector chart. Note that in each circle the total of all that has been presented above it is represented by a shaded section, while the part to be added is in black.

Chapter 10 100% BAR CHARTS

A

one hundred per cent bar chart is one in which a single bar represents 100% and the divisions of the bar represent percentages of the whole. Synonyms for 100% bar chart are: percentage bar chart, relative bar chart, component parts bar chart.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A 100% BAR CHART:

1. A straight bar is easy to divide into parts representing ap- proximate percentages, and is more convenient to use than a sector chart.

2. The sections may be shaded or colored for contrast.

3. Groupings of the parts are possible by using brackets or engineering dimension lines.

4. A percentage scale outside the bar is more easily read.

5. To aid in using the chart for reference purposes, the actual value of the bar and its component parts should be given.

6. To eliminate any need for turning the bar, the labels should read from left to right horizontally wherever possible.

7. The bar should be wide enough to allow for differentiation, and yet not so wide that the facts presented are distorted.

I T pi T T ;i >l H I I I H I T I I I M t H I ' 1 I [ I I I I [ ' I I H I I I I I H I I I I I I H ' I I I I I I I H I I I I I I I T I |l r ' ' [I I I I I I I I n I M n

%e lO to >0 40 M CO 10 to M ioo%

A 100% Bar Chart Stamp. scale .8

1. A rubber stamp in the form of a 100% bar chart with the percentages marked may be

secured from stores handling graphic chart material or from makers of rubber stamps.

2. When a bar chart is wanted in a report, all that is necessary is to allow two inches

height and six inches length in the manuscript. The chart may then be placed in this space.

3. These rubber stamps may be secured in other sizes, but they are usually six inches

long. Paper on which five 100% bars have been printed is also available. This illus- tration may be used as copy for making a rubber stamp.

100% BAR CHARTS

93

ALL RAILWAYS

WATERWAYS

HI6HWAY9 flPCLINES

MILLIONS OF TONS

"The Ffdcral Chart Book." Prepared by the Central Statistical Board arid National Reiource* Committee, January, 1Q38. SCALE .8

A. Estimated Tonnage in the United States Originated by Principal Types of Car- riers in 1932.

1. In this chart a comparison of weights is given rather than amounts or percentages, and

the scale is separated from the 100% bar.

2. The value of this chart would have been increased if the tonnage for each of the four

divisions had been given.

3. The choice of shadings was unfortunate, since at the point where the two sections,

"waterways" and "highways," meet, the bar seems to sag.

4. The Federal Chart Book is an experimental publication and does not stand as a docu-

ment for general use. As a result, the illustrations are in a tentative and not neces- sarily final form.

E

HEART DISEASE

NFUJIH2A a TUKI- I LoiABCTES MELLITUS PMUMONU CmOSS l-AUTOMOeiLE ACCIDENTS

AtL OT

"The Federal Chart Book." Prepared by th^ Central Statistical Board and National Resources Committee, January. 1938. SCALE .6

B. Percentage Distribution by Selected Causes of Deaths in the United States in 1935.

1. The 100% bar chart is a classification chart with percentages graphically presented. It

gives the component parts of the total along a straight line. By making the line a bar, the component parts are more easily identified and compared.

2. Note that the percentage for each of the seven divisions is given within each section.

3. The use of connecting lines to identify small sections of a 100% bar chart with its title

is here demonstrated.

OCPAXTHCNT

40% 00% aoX noX

-FOOO STO«£S

Z0%

40%

GEN MERCHANDISE STORES

' AUTOMOTIVE GROUP

•OX

■ All otmcr stores

"The Federal Chart Book," Prepared by the Central Statistical Board and National Reaoureca Committee, January. J 938. SCALE .7

C. Distribution of Sales by Types of Retailers in the United States in 1935.

1. The use of brackets or engineering dimension lines to show groupings of the parts of a

100% bar chart is often useful. In this chart the titles of the individual sections are given above the bar, while the titles of the groupings indicated by brackets are given below the chart.

2. The inclusion of the percentages within each section is a decided advantage.

94

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

^neTaxe3-2ai^A

^rantportation «nd Marketing

WioninaRefi"''^

Costs-zaz*/'

Automobile Manufacturers Association, ' Auto- mobile Facts and Figures," 1938.

A. Distribution of the Cost of Gaso- line in the United States in 1936.

The use of objects which can be divided into percentages is a common practice. In this chart, a gallon can is very appropriate to illus- trate the distribution of the cost of gasoline.

B. Cost of a Ton of Finished Sheet Steel at a Lake Port in the United States in 1931.

1. The amounts to the left of the bar

are cumulative: each one is a total of all those below it on the right hand side.

2. It might have been better to include

either a percentage scale or per- centages within each division. As it is now, percentages of the total may be computed, though they are not given.

ib0 65— I 24 Gauge Sheet Cost

before Interest or Depreciation

♦26.65—1 Sheet &ar Cost

^20 15 — Ingot Cost

^14.15 -

Pig Iron

Co»t

i

iiilM

rr

(t:^

SEE

■^^

iiiivh'rui

Drprcciation $4.00

Interest on

Investment

6.00

Scrap Loss

Fuel Supplies

Overhead

3.00

Repairs and

Maintenance 4.00

Direct and

Indirect Labor

15.00

Scrap Lo«	•y>
Rolling Sheet Bar	1.50
Scrap Lots	•v>
Rolling BiUet	1.00
Scrap Lots	1.50
Rolling Bloom	1.50
Fluxes Alloys	1.00
Opcn-Hcarth
Operation
5.00
Blast Furnace Operation	I.JO
IJmestonc	•45
Coal -Coke
450

Iron Ore 8.00

Fortune Magazine, September, 1931. SCALE .8

100% BAR CHARTS

95

W

<

o o UJ

»- z UJ

o UJ

UJ

t-

2 UJ a: a. S o <

•

Zi o Z3 ac >- (/> o

Ul o o z < to

o a a o o o _i u.

Z o »- o D K (- W

z UJ Z O

s o w 1- Ul

UJ S UJ > o IT a.

H U UJ -» o a: a.

z

bJ 1—

o z

go

o

in

2

<

w l- (T O a. a

o z

O

< u o < z

u o (£ »-

z a. < o

o z «x (A

o <

z o bJ

(T O >

a:

< *

-1 _i o o Ul

a

ffi

o

Q

O

o

UJ

UJ

Ul

Ul

Ul

K-

-J

K

<

UJ

Z

<

<

o

(A

a.

»

t-

<

3

3

tr

_l

<

o

o

Ul

UJ

H

Ul

<

A

<

m

O

o

UJ

-J

(C

K

K

C

tf)

Ift

*

V^

.

.

,

.

■

>

.

1

>

t

.

:

•

.

o

0>

M

K)

f^

o

s

o

♦

(0

0>

N

lO

N

0>

■n

<0

M

o

q

*

10

•n

^0

.£ .§ 8 •£

C <J

O m

« .2

*-> >

o "*■ - _0 V 2

o

>-

a>

Z

o O

■

if

Q.

E o O

£ M

O

•o »-

CQ .Jic

K °

go

- 2 a Z

« a

CS

u

C2 J= c

cc tJ

u U

O —

a V

E •£

o %

Z c o

t >

O .2

^ < ^5

96

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Wage ossistonce - 29 9 %-■

Emergency relief -65 3%-

Cotegoficol relief - 4 8 %■

Oih«r Works Program vogM

W.PA WOflM

Civil Works WOQM

CCC wogts ond subsistence

Emergency work relief

Soeciol progrom relief

Direct emergency relief

Aid to the oged, to the blind, and to dependent children

$5,375,000,000

WPA, Division of Social Research, "Trends in Relief Expenditure," 1937.

A. Percentage Disfribution of Total Expenditures for Public Relief and Wage As- sistance in the United States for the Years 1933-35.

1. The vertical 100% bar when divided into small sections is much easier to label than if it

were horizontal.

2. It also lends itself readily to grouping by sets of brackets to show such items as total

fixed charges, total operating expenses, etc.

100% BAR CHARTS

97

lUM ntANSmssiON

"CCtlvlHO SUSSrtTlON

Prderal Power Commiition, "National Power Survey," 1936.

SCALE .7

Elements of Costs in the Supply of Electricity to Residential Customers In the United States in 1935.

1. By illustrating each of the elements of cost in the supply of electricity to residential

customers in the United States, meaning is given to such terms as "utilization expense" and "return on investment." This form of chart would be appropriate for an annual report.

2. In this illustration, no figures are shown. When a chart is to be used in a report, figures

should be given and correct relative proportions maintained.

98

Chapter 11 COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS

THE CHARTS in this chapter are the same type as those shown in the preceding chapter. The 100% bars are grouped for com- parison purposes.

1. Since it is difficult to determine the approximate height or length of any one of the sections of a bar, it might be better to put the percentage scale at both left and right, or top and bottom.

2. The shadings should follow the general rule that when no one thing is to be emphasized, the darker shadings should be next

100%

100%

All Ort.«r

tUso ureas

, rOttMr Loons and Discounts

Savings Ranks

Loon ond A||

ComlJo'n... B<'"'*» 13,116,830 ^57,24^131

	100%
	n-7	AllOthflf Asstfhs Policy Loana oblicUtilHy &ond« vemnwnt Bonds rorm ond Oth«r Railrood ondt and
18-^
9^
6.5
dS^
LiF* Injuranc* ComponiM 4 20. 7501 OOa 000 T,f,lAsitft.C>0c3l,l932

American Aasociation of Automobile Manufacturer!, New York City.

SCALE ,8

Percentage of Total Resources or Assets of Banks and Life Insurance Companies in the United States Invested in Various Types of Securities, Loans, or Other Assets in 1932.

COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS

99

to the zero line. A section to be emphasized should be the darkest shade.

3. Connecting lines from one bar to the next aid the reader.

1909 TOTAL 949,338

1919 993,597

1929 951,015

WPA. National Research Project, "Summary of Findings to Date." March, 1938.

Percentage Distribution of Wage Earners Employed in the Mineral Industries In the United States in 1909. 1919, 1929, and 1935.

100

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

9 MILLION	ANNUAL
TOTAL	INCOMES
PERSONS	IN DOLLARS

93 BILLION DOLLARS

TOTAL INCOME

. lOOO AND UNDER-

•lOOOTO 2000.

.2000T0 5000.

.5000IO I5000<

ABOVE I5000"

S. S. Wyer, "Living Together in a Power Age," Attociation Prew, New York, 1936. SCALE .9

Distribution of the Income of the People in the United States in 1929.

1. The method of reading this chart is as follows: the people in the United States whose

incomes are $1000 or under comprised 40% of the population and contributed 12% of the total national income in 1929; the people in the United States whose incomes arc from $1000 to $2000 conrrprised 40% of the population and contributed 31% of the total national income in 1929.

2. The use of arrows and distinctive gradations of shadings aid in reading this chart.

I I 4 4 I 4 I I • « « ^ i > i

COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS

101

CHARACTERISTICS OF BAR CHARTS:

1. Bar charts may be adapted to fit almost any application.

2. The height of each bar is easily compared.

3. There should be some order for arrangement:

a. Time-series

b. Magnitudes

c. Geographical

d. Alphabetical

4. The actual amount which each bar represents should be given.

ITEMS

ORDERS

ORDERED ONCE IN A SIX MONTHS PERIOD

ORDERED MORE THAN ONCE BUT LESS THAN 10 TIMES

ORDERED 10-24 TIMES

ORDERED 25-50 TIMES

ORDERED MORE THAN 50 TIMES

Redrawn from a Chart by U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economic*.

Frequency of Orders of Ten Selected Candy Plants in the United States in 1930.

When none of the various shading films arc available to provide cross hatchings on a chart, rulings such as these may easily be put in by hand. Care should be taken not to create weird effects such as those in 93 A and USA.

I

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

49 MILLION	ANNUAL
TOTAL	INCOMES
PCRSONS	IN DOLLARS

93 BILUON DOLLARS TOTAL INCOME

>IOOO AND UNDER

•I000TO2000

'2000TO5000

.5000 TO )5000

•ABOVE I5000<

S. S. Wycr, "LivinR Together in a Power Age," Association Pres^, New York, 1936. 8CALK .9

Distribution of the Income of the People in the United States in 1929.

1. The method of reading this chart is as follows: the people in the United States whose

incomes are $1000 or under comprised 40% of the population and contributed 12% of the total national income in 1929; the people in the United States whose incomes are from $1000 to $2000 conrprised 40% of the population and contributed 31% of the total national income in 1929.

2. The use of arrows and distinctive gradations of shadings aid in reading this chart.

COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS

101

CHARACTERISTICS OF BAR CHARTS:

1. Bar charts may be adapted to fit almost any application.

2. The height of each bar is easily compared.

3. There should be some order for arrangement:

a. Time-series

b. Magnitudes

c. Geographical

d. Alphabetical

4. The actual amount which each bar represents should be given.

ITEMS

ORDERS

ORDERED ONCE IN A SIX MONTHS PERIOD

ORDERED MORE THAN ONCE BUT LESS THAN 10 TIMES

ORDERED 10-24 TIMES

ORDERED 25-50 TIMES

ORDERED more: THAN 50 TIMES

Redrawn from a Chart by U. S. D«partmrnt of ARriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economicf.

Frequency of Orders of Ten Selected Candy Plants in the United States in 1930.

When none of the various shading films arc available to provide cross hatchings on a chart, rulings such as these may easily be put in by hand. Care should be taken not to create weird effects such as those in 93A and 115A.

102

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Tolol wiuia cMioi

Untli>ll«4

■Hi Vtoffting ^ u*uol toc*o-«conomic Oo\t

p^^ Worlitng M 0IA«f thon utuol ucio-«conom*c ctOH

Ptfccnl 0 20 40 «0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r

::;:.::::.::-:.xx.:v::::::::v:vX^^^^

80

ii/mrTT» » I

■r^ I ■' >

3.

:S±2iS2±S5^

31

3

---^-'-■^^ I

fEMAUE WORKERS Totol

Wh.lt COllOf SkillM Scm.tlitlltd

WPA, Division of Social Research, "Urban Workers on Relief," 1936. SCALE .6

A. Proportion of Employed Workers on Relief in Jobs of Their Usual Socio-Economic Class in the United States in May, 1934.

The inclusion of the "total" bar in each of the two classifications adds to the value of this chart.

PERCI 100 r

= NT

r-1

m i

««1

n — r

T"- — r

T 1

:=

PER

CENT n 100

90 -

--^-

—

-

/

/ $751-1000

/

^ — '

/

- -

-

-

90

«o - 7ft -

""^^

\,

/

'

/~1TT ^$501-73

0

J

f\

\

—

SA

\

/

/

'

00 7ft

CA -

\

-'

/-^

/

;g==

::

--=

.— '

500 •

\ -

\

"

/U

^

1

— .

/

DKft &

-

\

60 50 - dn

40 - 30 -

\

:-:=.

=-T-

)

^/

/

~ Ukl

s^

/

-

-

\

^_

30

20

-

-

-

-

-

20

10 - 0 -

-

-

-

-

10 . 0

1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937

Automobile Manufacturer! Association, "Automobile Facts and Figures," 1938.

B. Percentage Distribution of the Wholesale Price of Cars in the United States fronn 1925 to 1937.

1. Connecting lines facilitate the reading of this chart.

2. When percentages for each section of each bar are not given, it is better to put the per-

centage scale on both sides of the series.

COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS

103

A. Average Migratory, Employment, and OfF-Season Periods of 500 Migratory-Casual Workers in the United States for 1933 and 1934.

Each of these bars represents one year or 52 weeks. As a result, "weeks" arc used for the scale, rather than percentages.

All. «0>«fM

m^

_uiiiii

I

WPA. Division of Social Research. "The Mi- gratory-Casual Worker." 1937. SCALE .6

PCHC£NT 100

PERCENT 100

IturuiTlO ruu. TiMC

1037

NCUPVOTCO

WPA. National Research Project. "Recent Trends in Employment and Unemployment." December. 1Q37.

SCALE .7

B. Employment Status of Employable Persons As Revealed in the Philadelphia Un- employment Sample for the Years 1929-1937.

Notice that the hachures are arranged according to relative darkness. See Chapter 9.

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

t " ' ] No emptoymen* Of public oid t¥:»3 Relief ond o«her ♦ {■'■■'■■yj ReseHlemeni client

K*i?x^ Nonognculturol employment only Aqriculturol employment only Works Progrom end ott>«r **

lOOr

90

eo

70

60

S 50

40

30

20

10

nlOO

MONTANA SOUTH WISCON DAKOTA SIN

WEST NORTH GEORGIA VIRGINIA CAROLINA

* Including tfiose wt>o hod relief only ond relief ** Including those with Works Progrom employment

combined with pnvote employment, but not including only, Works Program and private employment, orul those with relief ond Works Progrom employment Works Progrom ond relief.

WPA. DivUion of Social RcMarch, "EfTectt of the Works ProKram on Rural Relief." 1938.

Relief and Employment Status of Heads of Rural Households In the United States, in December, I 935.

When it is not possible to give complete information within the chart itself, footnotes similar to these may be utilized. The footnotes here give a great deal more detail than would have been possible in the legend itself.

COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS

105

Direct r«<ief

'■•'■ -•! work relief

Work relief

TOTAL

COLORADO

June October

October

	June
IOWA
	October
	June
KANSAS
	October
	June
MONTANA
	October
	June
NEBRASKA
	October

NORTH DAKOTA

OKLAHOMA

SOUTH DAKOTA

October

June October

October

I

WPA. Division of Social RcMarch. Relief and Rehabilitation in the Drought Area, 1937. SCALE Q

Types of Relief Granted by the Federal Emergency Relief Adnninistration in Eight Drought States in June and October, 1935.

Here again is the application of the 100% bar chart to periods of time. Compare this with 103A.

106

Chapter 12 MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS

ach of the bars in the charts shown in the two preceding chap- ters represent 100%. Another use of the bar form is to have the length of the bars indicate values. The following are synonyms for bar charts when they are in a vertical position: column chart, "pipe-organ" chart, "pipe-of-Pan" chart. "flute-of-Pan" chart.

Federal Reserve Aeent. New York. "Monthly Review," Sept. 1. 1935. SCALE .6

A. Estimafed Total Cash Income of Farmers in the United States from Agricultural Marketings Including Payments by the Agri- cultural Adjustment Administra- tion, for the Years 1929-1935.

1. Simple comparisons are easily repre-

sented in bar form. The yearly comparison is best when presented in vertical form, the bars forming a curve.

2. The addition of the actual amounts

which each bar represents would facilitate the reading of the chart and aid in its use for reference purposes.

V ■vr.M - '/noooooto

■t?ff. n Prrcfnt Iron *w Sfff ' 'Xf6. 900. 000

as ftrrctnf

><>.-« ^ry- t^Ji 700 000

7 flrrcenf

'-^3fxyftfw r^ifyryw' - 'Og 10(1000

l95Plrrcmt

/»nw«m«w - 'fSd, 000.000

U. S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statiitics, "Labor Information Bulletin." Oc- tober, 1936. SCALE .8

B. Value of Orders Placed for Mate- rials Used on PWA Projects for the Period 1933-1936.

1. The total of the lengths of all the bars

beneath the first one is equal to its length.

2. It should be noted that there is no

difference between the width of the "total" bar and the others.

MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS

107

WPA. "Report on ProgrcM of the Works Program." December, 1937. SCALE .7

A. Estimated Total Cost of Works Progress Administration Projects Placed in Operation from May 6, 1935, Through September 30, 1937.

1. The material here is arranged arcording to the magnitude of the bars.

2. Its presentation horizontally eliminates the possibility of the eye seeing a curve which

would be undesirable.

3. Since stubs only are used in the vertical rulings, it might have been better to include

actual figures to facilitate reading the chart.

I

$ PER UNIT

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0									♦ 702
							«SS7	■■■ -
						^426	-
" ^ "	DEC. I9S7	'AVtRAGE	1S79^	AiT«	— »S44--	-
<			4l9«
o z	♦ 113	♦mi	-	-

OLOtK MODELS

\<tv

l<)S2

19U 1934

-YEAR, MODEL -

1435

1936

^ PER UNIT 800

700

600 500 400 300 200 100

0

1937

Automobile Manufacturers Association, "Automobile Facts and Figures," 1938.

B. The Average Used Car Price in the United States in 1937,

The method of reading this chart is as follows: the selling price of a used car, 1930 model, in December 1937 was $113. while the selling price of a used car. 1935 model, was $426. The average price of all used cars in December 1937 was $379.

108

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

No schooling

Partial grade school only

Completed grode schoo< only

Portiol high school only

Completed high school only

College

10

20

Percent 30

40

50

60

total of alt bars • 100%

WPA, Division of Social Research, "Farmers on Relief and Rehabilitation," 193 7.

A. Grade AHalnment of Heads of Open Country Households on Relief In the United States. October, 1935.

As is indicated, the total of all the bars in this chart equals 100%. Compare this chart with 106A and I08B.

17.4 7.9

12.0 9.8 3.8 5.3 3.4 7.2 1.1 .9

SI. a

AUTOMOTIVE

:itiiii»n:w

RAILROADS

METAL CONTAINERS

MACHINERY

OIL, GAS, MINING AGRICULTURE

HIGHWAYS SHIPBUILDING

ALL OTHERS

20

as

30

0 5 10 15

17S7 DI3TBIBUTION OF nNISHED STEEL PBODUCCO IN THE U. S., BT CONSUMING CBOUPS

The American RolIinB Mill Company, Middletown, Ohio, "37th Annual Report," 1937. SCALE .8

B. Distribution by Consuming Groups of Finished Steel Produced in the United States in 1937.

Probably for variety, the titles of these bars were placed within the bars and the per- centages were placed to the left. This arrangement aids in ascertaining whether or not the total was 100%.

MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS

109

m

O

C o

o ^

c £ SI

V a

>

I

00

&£

.2 •>

u «g O a > «

^ £

«

O

13 2

c b

*3 <J

C 3

c C S

a a>

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Georgio New Mexico South Ookoto Maine Utah Montane

Woshington

Maryland

Arizona

Idaho

Connecticut

New HarDpshire

Vermont

Oregon

Rhode Island

Wyonning

Delowore

Nevodo

WPA, Diviiion of Social Research. 'Rural Youth on Relief," 1937.

Estimated Number of Rural Youth on Relief in the United States in October. 1935. Compare with 109.

MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS

111

WAGES AS ftR CfNT Of VAi ui 0> runn

AAILAOAO R[»Ain SHOPS, STIAM FOUNDAltS

Mositny

LUMBCM AND T1MMK MIOOUCTS

BOOTS ANO SHOES

FUDNITURt •

CLASS -

WOOLtN WOVCN cooos _—..... — .

PMINTINC ANO PUBLISHING, BOOK ANO JOB- COTTON MANUfACTUMCS

CLOTHING. MEN'S, YOUTHS', ANO BOYS*

MACHINE SHOPS

STIEL WORKS ANO MOLLINC MILLS

MACHINERY

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS

MOTOR-VEHICLE BODIES ANO PARTS

ELECTRICAL MACHINERY. APPARATUS, ETC

BREAD ANO BAKERY PRODUCTS

WORSTED WOVEN GOODS

DRESSES, WOMEN'S

NONFERROUS METAL ALLOYS AND PRODUCTS

LEATHER. TANNED AND FINISHED

REFRIGERATORS —

RUBBER TIRES AND INNER TUBES—

BOXES. PAPER

COATS AND SUITS. WOMEN'S. ETC.

PRINTING ANO PUBLISHING. NEWSPAPER. ETC.

PAPER

CONFECTIONERY - -

LIQUORS, MALT -

CHEMICALS

CANNED AND DRIED FRUITS . VEGETABLES, ETC.

TIN CANS AND OTHER TINWARE--

MOTOR vtHrCLES

COKE-OVEN PRODUCTS

CAS. MANUFACTURED -

PAINTS AND VARNISHES -

DRUGS AND MEDICINES --

PETROLEUM REFINING ~

MEAT PACKING, WHOLESALE

FOOD PREPARATIONS

BLAST-FURNACE PRODUCTS "

FEEDS. PREPARED

SUGAR REFINING. CANE- -

BUTTER -

FLOUR ANO GRAIN-MILL PRODUCTS

COPPER. SMELTING ANO REFINING

CIGARETTES - -

SHORTENINGS (OTHER THAN LARD), OILS. ETC

:^

I2.0| I0.«|

1

ALL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 1899-1935

I

National Induitrial Conference Board. Inc., February 18, 1938. SCALE 7

The Percentage of Value of Products Which Is Expended for Labor in \A(ages in Fifty Leading Manufacturing Industries in the United States in 1935.

The inclusion of the value at the end of each bar, while it eliminates the necessity for two eye movements, visually decreases the length of the bars. It might have been better to put the values in a column on the left.

112

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Woshmglon, D C New York, N Y Scronlon, Po Peono, III Stou« Foils, S Doh

Milwoukee Wis St Louis, Mo Son Froncisco, Coht Boston, Moss Minneopoiis, Mmn

Nework, N J Cincinnoli, Ohio Atlonlo, Go Pittsburgh, Po Chicago, III

Philodelphio, Po Omoho, Nebr Norfolk, Vo Richmond, Vo Bridgeport, Conn

Cieveiond, Ohio Albuquerque, N Me« Boltimore, Md Binghomton, N Y Rochester, N Y

Detroit, Mich Foil River, Moss Memphis, Tenn Tucson, Ariz Dollos, Tex

Providence, R I Buffolo, N Y Butte, Mont Houston, Tex Louisville, Ky Wmston-Solem, N C Knoxville, Tenn Oklohomo City, Okia Denver, Colo Portlond, Mome

Cedor Ropids, lowo Indionopolis, Ind Columbia, S C Jocksonville, Flo Konsos City, Mo

Los Anqeles, Co lit New Orleons, La El Poso, Tex Solt Loke City, Utoh Clorksburg, W Vo

Columbus, Ohio Monchester, N H Little Rock, Ark Spokone, Wosh Seattle, Wosh Birminghom, Alo Wichita, Kons Mobile, Alo Portlond, Oreg

20

40

60

Percent 80

100

120

140 160

^

nr

-ZML

^

m

^=3

■=:f

E

^

WPA, Division of Social Research, "Intercity Difference* in Cost of Living — 59 Cities," March, 1935.

Relative Rents for a 4-Person Manual Worker's Family in Each of 59 Cities in the United States, March, 1935.

1. The 100% line here gives a good measuring rod for comparisons.

2. The chart would be read as follows: the four cities, Detroit, Michigan, Fall River, Massa-

chusetts, Memphis, Tennessee, and Tucson, Arizona, may be described as average cities so far as rent for a 4-person manual worker's family is concerned. Rents are relatively much higher in Washington, D. C, and New York City, and relatively much lower in Mobile, Alabama, and Portland, Oregon.

MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS

113

Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction. 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body.

TIMC-SniES CCXUAAN CHAHn

A. DCFINITION Column choti art graphic prnaniotions wh«r*in fHiffl«ncol values or* r«pr«j«nt9d by lh« length ol vertical bars or caluemt.

6. THE COIUMN CHART IS PART1CULA81Y EFFECTIVE,

I. To emphobie comparisons ol amounts in o single time series.

2 For popular presentation.

3 To show components lor o rekjtivelv few lolols.

4 To picture "penod' doto as ogomst "point" doNi.

5 For s>iowir^ o rar>ge of volues or deviations from a normal or bogey.

C THE COIUMN CHART IS NOT THE BEST FORM:

1. For comporing several times senes

2. For lime series over an eilended period with many plottings

1. LAYOUT AND DESIGN A chon consisting of o few columns should generoify be higher than wide, for more than a few columns a wider- thon-high chort is preferoble

2 GRIDS. T)>e field or grid used for column charts may be a completely ruted coordirtote surfoca. Usuolly. however, il is not necessary to lrtd<ose all the rulirigs which would normally be shown on o line chon. A complete grid outline is usually not reauired The columns It^ewsehres generally moke vertKol rulings unnecessory. Moreover, (ewer )>ori2ontol rulings may be needed since column chorts ore more gerwrally used for popular presentation thon are line chorts. Often horizontal rulir>gs may be incomplete, being extended through only that portion of the field occup«d by the columns.

3. SCAIE SELECTION In column chorts the interest is generolly in a comparison between amounts os of different dotes. These amounts ore proportionote to the height of the columns This means Ihot the zero line, when it is ifie prir>cipot hne of reference, should olwoys be iTKluded in a column chort. It follows, too, that the omouni scoles should no* be broken, but mode continuous from the reference Ime. While normoffy the full length of the column should be shown, when it rep- resents on abr<ormally lorge value the column may be broken at the lop ond ttie omount irKitcoted.

Columns should be spoced occording to their proper position on the time scale. SVhen time intervals between volues are not equal, columns should be spoced occordingfy.

4. SCALE DESIGNATIONS Ptocmg of scole numerals ond captions on coKimn chorts is less conventior^olized than on line charts. As the grid rulings ore ohen irKomplete, the verticol scole volues generally are ploced on the s*de where tfie rulif^gs ore complete (For exomple, if the tollesi columns ore at the right, the scole designations moy be shown on the righihond SKie only |

Tifite Scale Desigrxitions are nornHslly centered ur>der tf>e columns, reodtng fiorizontally . in column chorts for popular presentotion fttfier or both omount and time designations may be ploced obove the columns

& COLUMNS The eAeclive appeoronce of o column chart requires ipecol core m the design of the columns When there are only a lew cohrmrts H<ev should be norrower thon tl<e white spoce between, when there ore mony cohniuu the reverse should be trve

COLUMN DESIGNATIONS It is generally more difTKult to lobcl segmented or grouped columns than curves because tfie columns themselves take up so much more of the spoce Segment labels should be placed ocross several columns il procticobte However, the space about labels should be reduced as much as possible and too much controst with the tone of the column ovoided so os not to distort the impression of the relative lengths of the columns ond segments Where labels cannot be placed on the columns, orrows may be used A key or legend should be used only when improcticoble to lobel directly.

COIUMN CHART DESIGNATIONS Column chart titles con often be ploced most effectively occordmg to the distribution of the columns rather than in a fixed position ol the top Ithe usual cose with line chortsl.

I

Not* An •mpir<ol rtloliOns^'P b*»w—n column ond ipoc* it IXtMAtsd in

ih« Chon b*iow. boMd on on octuoJ )Mt o( cHom qI root-two propofttont

ond vOf'Ovi numb«f| o* columns, onm Ml wndOf -thon-hioh ond onoHlV high«r -than- wtd«.

To space columns equoHv dong the titne scale, divide the ovoikibte horizontal spoce mio twice as mony spaces os there ore to be columns. Then center the columns on every other division mark begmnirtg with the First from either end.

114

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

												— _
Ll
ItiATIONAI IKirOMFl
	frn
(		1		1	i	n	1 ^^ 0		1 6)6	1	1
r.au"C» «» or dcc 3> 1

Magazine of Wall Street, January 29, 1938.

SCALE .5

A. National Income of the United States in Billions of Dollars from 1929 Through 1937.

When superimposing a bar chart upon a picture, care should be taken to choose a picture which does not have smokestacks or other such buildings which take on the appear- ance of a bar. The eye automatically compares heights. Superimposing when done correctly is very effective.

PASSENGER CARS MOTOR TRUCKS

iOO 99

1928 '30 "31 32 '33 '34 '35 '36

Federal Re»erve Agent, New York, "Monthly Review

•29 '30 '31 '32 '33 '34 '35 'S* October 1. 1936.

A. Production of Passenger Cars and Motor Trucks in the United States During the First Eight Months of 1928-1936. The First Eight Months of 1929 Equal One Hundred Per Cent.

1. The time series comparison of index numbers in bar form is here supplemented by

actual figures. Thus anyone consulting it is able to quote figures without computing the various heights.

2. However, the figures placed at the top of each bar add to its visual length, resulting in

a false visual comparison. A better position for the figures would be between the date and the bottom of the bar, or in the form of a data table below the chart.

3. For explanation of index numbers, see 30 1 A

115

Chapter 13 CONTRASTING BAR CHARTS

ONE VARIATION of the type of bar chart shown in Chapter 12 is to differentiate the bars by using hachures. or shadings. Charts in which this technique is used are called contrasting bar

charts.

Green Giant brand peas

Other Peas

1937

Green Giant pack increased 400% over 1930.

Selling price ot Green Giants de- creased 12 1/3% since 1930. 1932

Advertising cost on Green Giants per case decreased 29% since 1930.

Minnrtota Valley Canning Company, Beaver Dam , Wis., "Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 1938."

A. A Comparison of the Shipmenf of One Brand of Peas and the Shipment of All Others by the Minnesota Valley Canning Company in the Years 1932 and 1937.

The reason for including this chart is to illustrate an optical illusion which is seldom seen and which should be avoided. Note how the bars are distorted to the left because of the cross hatchings.

OISAIUNC INJURKS	1	p r
1
MAN- HOURS WORKIO
1
FRCQUiNCY RATCS	V	r r
1
i

I

WPA, "Report on Progress of The Works Pro- gram," December. 193 7. SCALE .5

B. Relation of Man-hours Worked to Disabling Injuries Incurred in Works Progress Administration Project Work for 1936 and 1937.

1. Bar charts with contrasting units are

used chiefly to differentiate vari- ous bars. Here one type of hachure is used for the year 1937 in each of three charts and another for 1936.

2. Since neither complete vertical rulings

nor numerous stubs are used, it might have been better to include the actual figures.

3. Note that in horizontal bars the latest

year is usually at the bottom so that the reader looks down from the top rather than up from the bottom.

116

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body.

Specific column designs or shadings ore recommended os follows:

Id) Black IsolidI for general use for narrow columns. However, a series of long narrow columns filled in solid may cause an un- pleasant optical effect. In segmented column charts, black is good for the bottom segments if they are not too large.

(b| Vertical Line Shading is recommended for general use as pleasing In appearance and easy to construct.

Id Diogonal Line Shading is useful only in small segments as optical illusion results if any appreciable length of column is shaded with this design, as illustrated at the right.

Idl Horizontal Line Shading has limited usefulness and is not generolly recommended.

(el Crosshatch Shading (diagonal! is recommended in place of black for wide columns. Crosshatch shading mode by crossing verticol and horizontal lines is not recommended.

If) Dotted Shading (pebbled or stippled) is sometimes effective for columns of medium width and particularly for small segments for charts in which a third or fourth distinguishing shading is needed.

(g) Hollow columns, if distinctly wider or narrower than the space between and outlined with a heavy line.

Columns may present undesirable optical illusions unless slight cor- rectives are applied. A white or lightly shaded segment on top of a column may appear to spread unless the column outline is tapered about the width of a line; a block segment may appear more narrow than the rest of the column unless it is widened about the width of o line; a tall column may appear to be thinner in the middle unless the lines ore bowed out slightly.

ftl

i-|l

OIACONAL SMAOINC

MAT 'KNO' iXADINO MAT AfFCCT

TMC COLUMNS APPAACHT WIDTH

Effscts of improper use of shoding

£20

8

^B SIIF MflNOCNT EZ3 Of KNMNT

\WTm

^_L

CUtMNT lAININCS

SAVINCS SICMITin

SOCIAL OTHII SICUdTT

ifsouica ACT

OTHII

SOCIAL rillNDS ot

AdNCIIS (ILATIVIS

Dun't Review, June, 1938.

A. Means of Support of Persons 65 Years of Age or Older Living in the United States in April. 1937.

CONTRASTING BAR CHARTS

117

Dun's Review, April, 1938.

A. Adver+ising Expenditures for Newspapers, Magazines, and Radio in the United States from 1929 to 1937.

1. It might have been better to include actual figures in this chart.

2. Note the groupings, the spacing between groupings, and the narrowness of the bars.

I

134.8%

n

Iwlcz of PriCM*

Indcs of M«l( Hourly £«nuii(i

1929 - 100%

Armstrong Cork Company, Lancester, Pa., "Annual Report," December 31, 1937.

B. A Comparison of Weighted Average Selling Prices of All Armstrong Cork Company Products and Average Male Hourly Earnings in the Company for the Years 1929. 1936, and 1937.

Rather than merely state that the year 1929 was equal to 100%, this chart visually repre- sents both index of prices and index of male hourly earnings as 100% bars.

118

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

FREQUENCY RATES

SEVERITY RATES

Dliabhnq iniurlci	1 per 1.000.000 man h
All Indu.»r,.»	^H i3es
Tobocco	1 7. IS
C*m«n4	1 -
laundry	1 662
T«»+.le	1 7.67
StMl	1 651
Print and Pub	III Q.IO
Nonftrroui M«tal fbbricofing	PI ''^8
Rubber	■ 9.}e
Class	■1 9.77
Chemical	■ 10.73
Automobile	■ I0.S7
Public UtHity	In 11.04
Mochinery	■11 11.70
Electro. Refining	H 11.34
Quarry	■ 11.77
Tanning and ItotHer	^1 17 68
Non-metal Mining	WM 17.44
Nonterrous Smtlting	^H 13.04
Petroleum	■Pl '^^0
Ore Milling	|H I5.2S
Sheet Metal	■11 '^'^^
Misc. Metal Products	Im 16.07
Tronsit	■B 16.36
Food	^H 16.79
Metol Mining	pHI 1667
Wood Working	■B iroe
Paper and Pulp	PH 16.45
Marine	HB 1977
Cloy Products	■■■ 7106
Construction	^^1 71.96
Foundry	■■■ 7S.63
Meot Pocking	■■■ 76.79
Refrigeration	■BH ^^^''
Bituminous Cool	^HHI 3777
lumbering
Anthrocite

Dayi loil per 1.000 man hourt
All Industries	m 1 ^6
Tobacco	1 007
Laundry	1 040
Textile	1 0S7
Print, ond Pub.	1 O.M
Gloss	|0.b7
Automobile	1 0.74
Tanning and leother	|o.e7
Mochinery	1 094
Wood Working	■ I.OB
Sheet Metal	1 1.17
Misc Metol Products	■ i.is
Cloy Products	1 1.19
Rubber	■ 1.70
Tronsit	■ 1.71
Food	■ 1-74
Chemicol	■ 1.79
Meot Pocking	■ 1.39
Non ferrous Metol Fobncoting	■ •.S3
Foundry	B '-^^
Petroleum	B '<>''
Public Utility	■ l.71
Poper Pulp	!■ 1.97
Retrigerotion	■i 703
Steel	^1 707
Construction	■■ 7S1
Quorry	|BB 7.60
Non-ferrous Smelting	^Hi 7 91
Morine	■■ 3.11
Cement	)BM 2<4
Electro Retining	pHH 3.70
Ore Milling	^HIH 4.S9
Lumbering	PBiM ^ <>^
Metal Mining		I776
Bituminous Cool		■ 690
Non metol Mining		H 900
Anthrocite

EnginrerinK and Mininn Journal, Octobrr, 1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled, "What Mining Means to the United States." SCALE .7

Frequency Rates and Severity Rates of Industrial Accidents in the United States with Special Reference to Certain Ones.

The bars in blue arc the "special reference" industries. The magazine in which this chart appeared was interested chiefly in those bars colored blue, and used the simple method of color for emphasis.

CONTRASTING BAR CHARTS

119

COST OF LIVING

INOCX NUMBCRS. l«2« • 100

UMiTtO IMNGOOW

rilANCE (PAKiS

JA^AN (TOi>»0

MHO 5TATIS

SWlTZtBLAMO

WHOLESALE PRICES

INOO NUMBOS. i«;< = 100

"■'• . ^"X

UNiriD STATtS

UNITED niNCOOM

CZtCMOSLOVAr

NCTMtRLAND-

I

National Induitrial Conftrence Board, Inc., October 23, 1936.

Cost of Living and Wholesale Prices in the United States and Specified Foreign Countries for 1929 and 1936.

Compare this method of presenting two groups of facts with 144 A.

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

0«n«ri ^^^^ Ttnonli

Hundrtd doHors

United States

New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West Nortti Central Soutti Atlantic Eost Soutti Central West Soutti Central Mountain Pacific

Seven Cotton States Alobamo Arkonsos Georgia Louisiana Mississippi Nortti Carolina Soutti Carolina

WPA. Diviiion of Social Research, "Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation," 1936. SCALE ,9

Median Value of Farm Dwellings by Tenure in the United Sta+es in 1930.

Divisions and subdivisions are possible in the bar chart as demonstrated in this one. The median value for the United States as a whole is first given, then for each of nine geograph- ical divisions, and finally a separation of the "Seven Cotton States" is made.

121

Chapter 14 PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS

IN A pictorial unit bar chart comparisons are made by using a number of symbols, each of which represents a specific value. Synonyms for pictorial unit bar charts are pictogram, pictograph. The advantage of the pictorial unit chart over a chart in which large and small units are used is that there is a variation in one dimen- sion only.

One R9«ire-2,000 MiKowitm

mmmmimm -•'

1929

in2

7.738

1933

1934

1935

1934

iiii

mm

iumm

8.072 8.000

A Millionaire Is Defined Here as a

Person WHt) an Annual Income of $50,000 or More

10.502

18.196

Chicago Tribune. The 1038 Chart Book."

Number of Millionaires in the United States in Selected Years.

1. The reason for classifying this as a bar chart is readily seen. The rows of men create

bars.

2. Since fractions are difficult to present in this form, the numerical value of each row of

figures is given.

3. It might have been better to leave more space between the 1929 row and the 1932 row,

since all the others are consecutive years.

4. As it appeared in the original, the 1936 row was at the top and the 1929 row at the

bottom. Because it is general practice to read years from the top down, the rows were reversed.

122

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

SEPTEMBER 5251

OCTOBER 6618

NOVEMBER 6360

OECEMBEP 4967

JANUARY 3372

FEBRUARY 2631

MARCH 2524

APRIL 2768

MAY 2702

JUNE 1918

JULY 1059

AUGUST 1023

m m

EACH FIGURE REPRESENTS 250 HEN

W. Sanford Evans. "Statistical Examination — GrorKian Bay Canal." Ottawa, Canada, 1916. SCALE ,9

Maximum Number of Trainmen and Yardmen Employed on Grain Trains on the Mani- toba, Saskatchewan and Alberta Divisions of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Each Month of the Crop Year I9I3-I9I4.

1. This was one of the first pictorial unit bar charts to appear,

2. Note that the numerical value of each row is given directly beneath the month. Com-

pare this form with 121, 123B, and 124A.

PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS

123

IN 1913

IN 1916

14 AUTOMOBILES I30 HOUSES 56 AUTOMOBILES 63 HOIkSES

From '"Humaniiinf the Greater City'i Charity" by Bertrand Brown, Department of Public Charities, City of New York. 1017.

A. Comparison of the Means of Transporfation Used in the Department of Public Charities of New York City in 1913 with 1916.

1. The distinctive feature of this chart is that it is a 100% bar chart. Each row represents

100% and each figure represents 12'/^%.

2. It would be read as follows: in 1913 one out of eight, or 12V2%, of the transportation

used in the Department of Public Charities in New York City, was by automobile and the rest by horses. In 1916, four out of eight, or 50% of the transportation, was by automobile and 50% was by horses.

Number of

TRACTORS

per one thousand farm families

Number per 1000 farms

Successful Farming Families

357

"Heart" Farmers

246

u s

Farmers

138

Meredith Publithing Co.. Des Moines, Iowa, "Successful Farming."

SCALE 5

B, A Comparison of the Number of Tractors Per One Thousand Farm Families in Three Groups of Farmers in the United States.

1. The "heart" referred to in this chart means a group of states that form the heart of the

farming industry, as estimated by the Meredith Publishing Company.

2. The date to which this comparison applies is not definite: the sources listed for the

information given were dated 1930 and 1935.

124

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

-ooo I4.59I.OOO •*" ONE MILE

1911

32.837,000 ONE MILE

TT'TT'TT'TT'TT'7T'7t'7T"7T'7T'7T'7TTT7T7T"7v'7^'Tr

Brinton. "Graphic Methods," McGraw-Hill, 1914.

SCALE .9

A. Comparison of fhe Average Number of Passengers Carried Per Mile on United States Railroads in 1899 and 1911.

1. The theory behind pictorial unit bar charts is that there are more or less units rather

than larger or smaller units. A pictorial unit bar chart consists of rows of symbols rather than large and small symbols.

2. In this chart, each figure represents 2000 passengers.

NOPOmCdAISED

6.128 LBS OF POWC HAISED

IN

ni6 _