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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FOURTH SERIES
Vou. XII
{NSUNIAN S77 oh) ti) “ap rom
1922
PRINTED FROM THE Joun W. HENpDRIE PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT
SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY
[ 1923-24 ]
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
Gerorce C. Epwarps, Chairman C. E. GRUNSKY BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Editor
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XII
ARS p07 nee ee ee et er Gorter tis a aa eae ce saree nce
Field Work among the Birds and Mammals of the Northern Coast of California in 1921. By Joseph Mailliard; published Janu- BYR ey SPIRE Re ere
New Species of Hynobius from Japan. By E. R. Dunn; published UY eRTOUL ears 2 sige eee ee
Upper Miocene Lacustrine Mollusks from Sonoma County, Cali- fornia. By G. Dallas Hanna; published January 2, 1923.........-..
Notes cn some Land Snails of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, with De: cription of a New Species. By G. Dallas Hanna and Emmet Rixford; published January 2, 1923.-....---------------------—=-
A New Species of Carychium from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. By G. Dallas Hanna; published January 2, 1923......
EXPEDITION OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES TO THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA IN 1921 General Account. By Joseph R. Slevin. Published June 2, 1923-..... The Bees. (1). By T. D. A. Codkerell; published June 2, 1923........
New Dolichopodide (Long Legged Flies). By M. C. Van Duzee; Published) wwe] 7319 OB ee a esos anceps con ccasesae neces ocncuentensveee cocteensesontnen
The Geometrid Moths. By W. S. Wright; published June 7, 1923_. The Tineid Moths. By Annette F. Braun; published June 7, 1923..
The Hemiptera (True Bugs, etc.). By Edward P. Van Duzee; joel] DYENSV ay eee Ud EF eK Shan fy SPs Peer a ee et
The Tenebrionide. By Frank Ellsworth Blaisdell, Sr.; published
filly 1), SIGE See kB AE al rae ROR Bae tee eR AE aibe The Bombyliide (Bee Flies). By Frank R. Cole; published July TOMO 25 ee Sera: ee ee eS Rae a eee Some Coccide from about the Gulf of California. By G. F. Ferris andi). Ba Kelly) published! July; 10} d923 secre The Dermaptera and Orthoptera. By Morgan Hebard; published ulyse dy oe earn tee ee i ee Pe ee ee &
A Revision of the Genus Anisembia, with Description of a New Species from the Gulf of California. By Joseph C. Chamberlin; DUb lished) lye Oils OS ee ea cee
27
43
51
New and Little Known Pseudoscorpions, Principally from the Islands and Adjacent Shores of the Gulf of California. By Joseph C. Chamberlin; published) Julys21e1923 eee eee 353
On Chilopods and Diplopods from Islands in the Gulf of Cali- fornia. By Ralph V. Chamberlin; published July 21, 1923... 389 The Melyride (Lesser Flower Beetles). By F. E. Blaisdell, M. D.; AS ELE LES ene hi ya ye een een ace ee eee 409 Noctuide (Moths). A new subspecies of Escaria clauda Grote. By Wn. Barnes and F. H. Benjamin; published July 21, 1923........ 423
Anthomyide and Loncheidz (Kelp Flies and their Allies). By J. R- Malloch; published -August21(91923.32= ee 425
Observations on Surface Distribution of Marine Diatoms of Lower California in 1921. By W. E. Allen; published August DT AG OS ites te Ee eae oe oa iene en nee
The Birds. By Joseph Mailliard; published August 21, 1923
Diptera from the Islands and Adjacent Shores of the Gulf of California, General Report. By Frank R. Cole; published
November 6, 192352 cease aes 457 Land and Fresh Water Mollusks. By G. Dallas Hanna; pub- lished ‘December 81,; 192322 -.25:5s ese eee 483
The Bees. (II). By T. D. A. Cockerell; published March 22, 1924....529
The Spider Fauna of the Shores and Islands of the Gulf of Cali- fornia. By Ralph V. Chamberlin; published April 14, 1924........ 561
New Marine Alge from the Gulf of California. By William Albert Setchell and Nathaniel Lyon Gardner; published May 13, 1924 695
The Botany (The Vascular Plants). By Ivan Murray Johnston;
published’ May, '31))192400 =. ee SS eee 951 A New Mouse (Peromyscus slevini) from the Gulf of California.
By Joseph Mailliard, published July 22, 1924...........-..---ceseceee--- 1219 Report of the President of the Academy for the Year 1923, by C.
E. Grunsky; published October 10, 1924.......-.....:::csccocceresnccanaeeraseees 1223 Report of the Director of the Museum for the Year 1923, by
Barton Warren Evermann; published October 10, 1924.............. 1232
Report of the Treasurer of the Academy for the Year 1923, by M. Hall McAllister; published October 10, 1924.........c:c:sscssee--- 1279
Index to: Volume Xie 5235 oe ee ee eo ee 1287
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES
Vo. XII, No. 1, pp. 1-26 January 2, 1923
I
FIELD WORK AMONG THE BIRDS AND MAMMALS OF THE NORTHERN COAST OF CALIFORNIA IN 1921
BY JOSEPH MAILLIARD
Curator, Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy
Continuing the plan of investigating those parts of California of which the birds and smaller mammals are least known, Del Norte County was selected as the principal scene for the field work of the department of Ornithology and Mammalogy of the California Academy of Sciences in the spring of 1921.
On account of the utilization of the major portion of the depart- mental funds in the financing of the Academy expedition to the Gulf of California, the size of the field party for the northwest coast work was limited to two members, Mr. Chase Littlejohn, assistant curator, and the writer.
It was decided to maintain for a few weeks during migrations practically continuous observation in a given spot, and the village of Requa, Del Norte County (California), was selected as the principal station for this work. This little settlement is situated on the north bank of the Klamath River, about one-half mile above its mouth, and is perched upon a steep hillside overlooking the river at a ferry which has long been maintained there.
Although it would have been better to have arrived upon the scene in time to note the arrivals of the earlier north-bound migrants, it was not until April 19 that a start could be made.
Arcata was reached by rail that evening, and the next day the journey of something over 70 miles was made in a large and powerful auto stage, over roads that seemed at time
by reason of the deep ruts and treacherous m Festiting rom 4%,” ~
heavy traffic during a long continued rainfall.
: ed ¥ ston sl aus
2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Szr.
Most of the second day’s journey was through dense forest, broken only here and there by clearings where the timber had been removed, or by sparsely occurring natural openings.
All the bird life noted on this day’s journey was in these openings. Not a single bird of any sort was seen in the forest during the long hours of travel—often at a pace that was barely more than a crawl—on this gloomy, overcast day, while but few were seen any- where. Western Robins, California Brewer Blackbirds, North- western Redwings, and Mendocino Song Sparrows constituted the bulk of those noted.
The forest along this coast is practically untouched over a large territory, being fortunately, as yet, inaccessible for profitable lumbering purposes. A great deal of it consists of magnificent redwood growth, and much of it is carpeted with large areas of ferns and mosses in almost tropical luxuriance, while great masses of rhododendron when in full bloom produce wonderful color effects as an offset to the somberness of the heavy shadows.
At times where the road skirted the shore, wave-washed, rocky islets would come into view, and all those that were large enough to rise above the reach of the battering seas had upon them flocks of Western Gulls. Several of these islets were so close to shore that the birds could be seen sitting on their nests. Some of these tocks appeared to be so precipitous as to be inaccessible to man, but probably could be landed upon by expert climbers at opportune moments, and in the vicinity of Trinidad several have been visited. As land birds only were to be considered on this field trip, no attempt was made by us to visit any of these rocks.
The party arrived at Requa at 4 p. m., April 20, having been about eight hours making the trip of 72 miles from Arcata. Mr. J. B. Mortsolf, Indian agent in charge of the Hoopa Indian Agency and whose territory includes Requa, had very kindly given the Academy permission to use the roomy agency cottage here. The only other occupant of the cottage at the time was Mr. T. B. McKinley, deputy agent, who, until his transfer to another department, combined his simple housekeeping arrangements with those of the field party.
All land traffic between Eureka, the county seat of Humboldt County, and Crescent City, county seat of Del Norte County, passes this way over the only north and south road so far con- structed west of Shasta Valley.
Vor. XII] MAILLIARD—FIELD WORK NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, 1921 3
The hills directly back of the settlement have a good deal of open pasture land, and there is an untimbered flat half or three-quarters of a mile wide on the south bank of the river, but, with exception of a small area of partially cleared bottom land and an occasional spot bare of trees, all else in sight is coniferous forest, composed largely of fine redwood growth. For the most part this forest is dark, gloomy, and practically impenetrable, except where indian or other trails exist.
The open land is largely in demand for dairying purposes, the milk produced thereon being hauled to a cheese factory at Requa. On the very limited alluvial bottom lands the timber has been destroyed to admit of crop tillage, some grain being grown for hay or soilage crops.
Roads extend up each side of the Klamath River for a few miles only, and direct communication with settlements farther up the river is by canoe, small power boats, or trail.
The rainfall in this part of the state is very heavy, and the dry season is not only very short, but also more or less damp, with much fog and consequent absence of sunshine. Snow rarely falls in any quantity here, and frost is seldom severe so near the ocean at this latitude.
Dr. Walter K. Fisher (Condor, Vol. IV, 1902, pp. 111-114) has described this part of the redwood coast belt and touched upon its zonal and faunal peculiarities. After going into some detail concerning the difficulties of defining the life zones of the northern California coastal redwood strip, this author summarizes the situation as follows:
“At present it seems that the Northwest Coast Boreal District, in California occupies only a very narrow and restricted belt in the form of dilute Canadian, south to the vicinity of Cape Mendocino. This belt comprises only the densest forests of redwood, Sitka spruce, western hemlock, Pacific cedar and Lawson cypress. All the other country including an open belt along the coast, the more open river valleys, mutilated districts, as well as the mountains immediately to the east of the redwoods belonged to the Humid Transition. The Humid Transition still farther east merges into the Arid Transition or belt of the yellow and sugar pines.”
Dr. Fisher thinks that the reason that most resident birds of this humid coast belt are darker than those of the interior is not so much the result of heavier seasonal rainfall and greater amount
4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
of moisture present, but rather the effect of the restricted amount of total sunlight resulting from a greater number of cloudy or foggy days than has the interior of the country. He cites the case of the higher interior mountains with a heavy seasonal rainfall, but with little fog or cloudiness between the winter storms and with vastly more sunshine in summer than has the Humid Coast Belt, where the resident birds are of lighter coloration, as proof of his explanation.
Some doubt concerning the soundness of this hypothesis arises, however plausible it may seem, when, in the case of the Blue-fronted Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis), specimens from the coastal region in Sonoma County, California, are found to be practically indistinguishable from many taken in the Sierras (Condor, Vol. X, 1908, pp. 133-134).
Several days were lost through the non-arrival of much of the equipment, part of which had been started in advance by parcel post so as to insure its being there, but all necessary articles finally arrived.
The weather at first was most unpromising, but field work was carried on between showers so far as possible, since the birds were very chary about appearing in the open in such a moisture-laden atmosphere.
A trip was made around the neighborhood in the endeavor to locate a cabin in which to camp and be in the midst of the wild life of the woods, but nothing was found sufficiently promising to make up for the advantages of the room, light, and dryness of the quarters in the Indian Agency cottage in town, while also more speedy means of reaching the best fields for observation in the vicinity were found.
Bird life is not well represented in this region, and birds are most numerous, per unit of area, in the more open lands. In the forest sometimes for miles at a time no bird was seen. Those species which might inhabit the woods are noticeably shy in this forest country and without apparent reason, unless it be that their spirits are depressed by the humidity and the gloom which so largely prevails. During the stay of 38 days in Del Norte County it rained, more or less, on 15 days, and was foggy, overcast, or partially cloudy on 16 more, such days making the forest anything but a cheerful place. This shyness in the birds was particularly noticeable in the case of the Varied Thrush, whose notes were
Vor. XII] MAILLIARD—FIELD WORK NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, 1921 5
identified upon our arrival at Requa, but of which no individual was actually seen for over three weeks. It was again exhibited in the case of the Northern Wren-tits, which as a rule are rather inquisitive little bundles of activity, busily bustling about the bushes, often apparently scolding away at the tops of their small voices and frequently coming boldly into view if their curiosity is aroused by a squeaking noise made by an observer; yet in Del Norte County, while quite a number were heard, only one or two were actually seen in spite of strenuous efforts to obtain specimens.
The most numerous birds in the settlement, and in the more isolated bushes on the unforested hillside back of it, were the resident Nuttall Sparrow, associated with quite a number of the Golden-crowned Sparrow, then in course of migration to its northern breeding grounds. This latter species was noted as late as May 10.
Western Robins were commonly met with in this vicinity, and could almost be called abundant, but the gloomy weather seemed to affect their spirits, for they were not as songful as one might have expected.
Flocks of Band-tailed Pigeons, sometimes numbering a couple of hundred individuals, were constantly on the watch for freshly sown grain fields, always ready to pick up the seed that remained un- covered. These grain fields were little more than small patches of ground wrested from the forest, and in this moist climate were plowed and planted late in the season. The farmers claim that the pigeons do considerable damage, and are not disposed to believe that only surface grain is taken. They certainly showed a good deal of energy in the matter of shooting birds to save their crops, especi- ally when they knew that the game warden was called elsewhere. They would lie in wait in hollow stumps or in brush piles and whang away when a flock gathered. It was rather singular that no dead pigeons were ever seen in the fields after such shooting. The farmers had a right to protect their crops from damage though not to use the birds for food, but the birds were very toothsome, and—?
It is very evident that the Band-tailed Pigeon has a long breeding season in this locality, judging from the reports of reliable persons who found nests in the summer time, while birds were found by us to be breeding at least as early as May 6. On that date Mr. Littlejohn came across a broken fresh egg of a Band- tailed Pigeon on a mossy bank upon a hillside. To make the
6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc, 4rH Ser.
identity doubly sure, sticking to the egg shell was a breast feather of the parent. It seemed as if some pitch from a coniferous tree might have adhered to the bird’s breast while it was perching on a limb and had stuck the feather to the egg when the bird next sat upon it. Or possibly, a drop of balsam had fallen on the egg when it was temporarily unprotected, with the same result, and the bird, probably startled by something, had left the nest suddenly, carry- ing the egg with it far enough to clear the edge of the nest and let it fall to the ground. The ovaries of birds taken by us near the end of May showed eggs ready to be laid, and two men who live in Requa during the summertime told stories of finding nests, in which the egg had been laid, in the alder trees in June. Whether this means a second brood or not is a matter of conjecture.
On April 23 many Tree Swallows were found flying about the tall, ghost-like stumps of dead trees in the partly cleared bottom- land north of the town, and these birds remained there during the nesting season. On this same date a few Barn Swallows were seen as well, while the Violet-green Swallow was noted on April 26. The Cliff Swallow did not appear until May 7, when it suddenly became abundant around an old cannery in the town.
As one of the objects of the trip was to note dates of arrival of migrants, a careful watch was duly maintained for such.
On April 23 the writer had a very close view of a flycatcher which seemed without doubt to be the Traill. The bird could not be secured because it kept tenaciously to some willows overhanging a swift stream, often not over 8 or 10 yards away. No other individual of this species was seen until May 28, when, for three days, it was quite abundant at Requa, apparently disappearing completely after May 29, as none was noted thereafter.
Woodpeckers were remarkably scarce for a country so full of timber, and apparently so favorable for the support of that family (Picide). An occasional Harris Woodpecker was seen or heard. The Gairdner Woodpecker was rarely met with and but one Lewis Woodpecker was seen. A few Northwestern Flickers were evidently breeding at Requa, and their piercing cry was often heard, the sound magnified by the surrounding forest. There were plenty of soft-wooded trees for these birds to breed in, but the comparative gloominess and dampness did not seem to attract the woodpeckers to any great extent. Perhaps there was so much territory available to them that they had not yet increased in numbers sufficiently to occupy it all.
Vout, XII] MAILLIARD—FIELD WORK NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, 1921 7);
The Mendocino Song Sparrow was quite abundant in places that were especially wet, where either bunches of sedge or low bushes or brambles gave adequate protection, and, at the time of our arrival, this species was already nesting. A nest containing three eggs was found on April 24, and it was left to see whether more eggs would be laid, as no bird was sitting on it. Three days later it was again visited but no more eggs had meantime been laid, and the set turned out to be too far incubated tosave. In the next fortnight two more nests were found, but the eggs of only one could be blown. There must have been quite a number of them in the thick blackberry brambles along the small swampy streams, where they were safe—from human hands, at least. One of these song sparrows was seen carrying nest material as late as May 17.
Soon after the party’s arrival at Requa the notes of a hermit thrush were heard, and an earnest effort was made to identify the birds. They were extremely shy, however, and it was May 2 before one was taken, and May 6 another. A fleeting glimpse of several others was obtained but no proof was found of its breeding there. The two specimens secured are nearer to the Alaska Hermit Thrush than to anything else.
While the Oregon Jay has long been known to inhabit the Hum- boldt Bay district in very limited numbers, it was hoped that it might be found fairly numerous farther north, but at Requa only four were noted. The first one was seen on April 30, when, toward the end of an almost fruitless morning, Mr. Littlejohn shot the first chipmunk so far seen on the trip. The sound of his shot startled a heretofore hidden Oregon Jay out of the tree above his head. It flew to another tree near by that had a mass of fire-killed branches quite low down. The writer stalked the jay and shot it, but his shot frightened out a Dusky Horned Owl, which fell to the second barrel, sailing rather slowly to the ground. It was fol- lowed for a distance by another Oregon Jay. The first was the only specimen of this jay secured, one other being shot later on, but lost in heavy brush.
There was something very familiar about the sight of the California Brewer Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus minusculus Grinnell)* picking up horse hairs for nest lining in the roads near the dairymen’s dwellings, or walking about among the cows, but
*Condor, July, 1920, p. 153.
8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc, 4TH Ser.
there were only a few pair of these birds in the neighborhood. The most northerly coast record heretofore of this bird has been under its old name, from Hoopa Valley, Humboldt County.
The California Linnet, also a very familiar bird in most of this state, appeared on April 27, when a single male was seen, but by the end of the first week in May it was common in suitable places near the village. This species has not been before recorded from the coast north of Humboldt Bay.
The only examples of the genus Junco seen at Requa were secured on April 24 and May 7, the first one from among a flock of Golden-crowned Sparrows. This specimen, a female, is appar- ently an Oregon Junco, but the pink marking on the sides and flanks is heavier than is often seen. The second is another female, with markings so light that one hardly knows where to place it, but it is provisionally placed with oregonus.
The Green-backed Goldfinch was first noted on April 26, when two were seen, but it never became very numerous. The Willow Goldfinch, on the contrary, first noted on April 28, soon increased in numbers and later was quite plentiful.
The Golden Pileolated Warbler was noted at Requa on April 22, but probably it was there even earlier. It was common in all suitable localities.
On May 1 it was raining hard all morning. Soon after break- fast an alder tree near the house was seen to be alive with warblers, apparently the result of a small migratory wave. The species represented were Townsend—seen for the first time—Lutescent, and Golden Pileolated. This tree seemed to be a favorite rendez- vous, for individuals kept coming and going all the morning. The Townsend Warbler did not remain to breed, however. Some Yellow Warblers, either the Alaskan or Western, were noted by Littlejohn at this time.
On May 4 the Russet-backed Thrush arrived on the scene. While its short call and single whistle note were heard every day, none of the birds was actually heard to sing until May 11, when several were in full song at daybreak. This thrush was very wild at first and although living in the blackberry vines and bushes among the houses of the village, it was seldom seen. Afterwards— probably after the young were hatched— it became very tame and numbers might be seen sitting on top of fences, absolutely un- disturbed by passers-by.
Vor. XII} MAILLIARD—FIELD WORK NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, 1921 9
Across the river from the village of Requa was quite an extensive flat, above all but the highest floods, which seemed as if it might be a possible breeding place for some form of marsh sparrow (Passerculus), although none had been recorded from here. On May 7 this flat was explored and three males of this genus, most closely approaching the form described by Dr. L. B. Bishop as the Dwarf Marsh Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis brooksi), were secured. Some other males were secured later on, and the con- clusion reached that this species was breeding there, while it was also found at Crescent City, undoubtedly nesting, extending the. breeding range of this subspecies and bringing it down to the actual seashore, yet not in saltwater marshes. All this was brought out in a recent article (Condor, Vol. XXIII, 1921, p. 164).
On May 18 a Western House Wren was taken which proved to be the only one seen during the stay in Del Norte County. On that date also a pair of American Ospreys were seen carrying nesting material into the top of a tall stump in a partially cleared field on the north bank of the Klamath, not far from Requa.
Efforts were made to ascertain whether the Varied Thrush was breeding in the vicinity of Requa, but no success was met with until May 13, when one was secured. These birds were apparently very scarce, and were so shy that it was extremely difficult to findany. Finally, by patient camping in the darkest sort of places where brush was thick under the trees, several were secured, one of which proved to be a nesting female. No nests, however, were discovered, while the character of those portions of the forest which the Varied Thrush selects for nest locations made the search for nests so unpromising of results that efforts in this line were considered unprofitable.
Constant watch was maintained for the Western Winter Wren, which it was thought would be met with in numbers, but it was not until May 30 that any were noted, and only one or two individuals even then. Some of the Indians at Requa asserted that the unusually heavy winter of 1914, with deep snow and intense cold, killed off these friendly little birds, and this was corroborated by Mr. Zwerline, a dairyman living three miles from Requa, to whom many thanks are due for numerous courtesies shown to our party. These little wrens were described as frequenting the barns and sheds in a most sociable manner each winter until this extraor- dinarily heavy one of 1914, during which numbers of them, and
10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Ser.
of other small birds were found lying dead upon the deep snow. Since then this species has been very rarely seen there.
The party was absent from Requa from May 20 to 27 and on its return it was found that some new species had arrived. The most interesting of these was the Traill Flycatcher which was noted on May 28, on which day several were seen or heard. On May 29 quite a number were seen and several secured for positive identifi- cation, but not one was observed after this date. The locality was not one adapted to the needs of this species, and it was rather surprising to find it migrating thus along the coast, especially as there was no adjacent territory toward the north that seemed attractive to it. Possibly those birds noted were moving easterly up the Klamath River to a more suitable locality farther inland, but they had apparently chosen a peculiar line of flight to reach their destination.
A pair of Arkansas Kingbirds was seen on May 7 on the flat across the river from Requa and another was seen at the same place on June 2. This locality seemed to be rather out of the way for this species of flycatcher also.
One day in Requa, Deputy Game Warden Prescott mentioned a rare kind of bird he had seen shortly before, while he was at Patrick’s Creek, Del Norte County, California, 32 miles northeast of Crescent City on the road to Medford, Oregon. It was impos- sible to identify the species from his description, in which he stated that these birds had arrived in a flock, were doing much damage in the garden, and had never been seen in that locality before. It seemed advisable to make an investigation of this matter, especially as a visit to this region, intermediate as it was between the Humid Coast Belt and the dryer interior, would be worth while under any circumstances.
The journey in the auto stage from Requa to Crescent City took 3% hours for the 24 miles on account of the fearful conditions of the muddy roads, which were next to impassable. The visit to Patrick’s Creek extended from May 19 to 26, and the time there was passed in collecting birds, trapping rodents, and listing the species of birds met with. Nothing very interesting was found there. The country is mostly covered by brush, with timber running up the deeper canons of the tributaries of Smith River, but forest fires have swept the country so frequently that much of the brush is short and bird life is rather scarce. What does exist
Vor. XII] MAILLIARD—FIELD WORK NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, 192t 1]
there is intermediate in character between Coast and Sierran forms, as might be expected. The birds that were the main object of the trip had moved on, but remains were found of some that had been shot while destroying freshly sprouting garden seeds, and these were sufficiently well preserved to identify the stranger as nothing more than the common winter visitant to so much of California, the Golden-crowned Sparrow.
Although Patrick’s Creek Hotel, where the party stayed, is only some 18 to 20 miles from the coast in a straight line, the crested jay found there proved to be very much like the Blue-fronted Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis) of the Sierras.
This locality was such a poor one, so far as animal life was con- cerned, that the return to Requa was made as soon as it became evident that the surrounding hills offered no more inducement to the collector than did the cafion in which the inn is situated, and Crescent City was reached on the evening of May 26.
It was intended to stay over here for a short time to investigate the bird life in the vicinity, and early the next morning a start in this work was made. South of the town a pair of Dwarf Marsh Sparrows was located, and the male secured for identification, but the female disappeared. No others were discovered on that side of town and a rising wind soon developed into such a gale that all work had to be abandoned and shelter sought indoors. This gale brought on such a storm of rain the next day that nothing could be done, and as a slide threatened to block the road to Requa at any moment it was deemed best to return there while it was still possible, and Requa was reached again on May 27.
No mention has been made so far of the mammals taken during this field work. It may be some time before opportunity presents itself for the proper identification of those secured, but a few words concerning them will be in order. For good reasons, operations were confined to the orders of Rodentia and Insectivora (shrews and moles).
Traps for these animals were kept constantly set, and the locality changed every few days, or as soon as the traps failed to attract. The dampness and accompanying vegetation in this part of the state made it preeminently a place in which to look for mem- bers of the shrew family, and especial efforts were made to secure such, with fair results. A fine series of the large Pacific Shrew (Sorex pacificus) was obtained, together with specimens of several
12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
other genera, including moles and shrew moles. Many mice, of several species, were obtained, and gophers of at least two species.
It was not, however, a good year for small mammals, and some species that might well have been expected to appear were not found in the traps. A teamster hauling wood stated that while last year every pile of cord wood that he hauled had numbers of different kinds of rats or mice under it, which were plainly visible when the last sticks were removed from the ground, there were practically none this season. One jumping mouse (Zapus) was taken in a trap, but all that was found of it, after some animal had used it as a basis for a nocturnal repast, was its long tail with a bit of fur attached.
It was rather astonishing to discover that the resident Indians were unaware of the existence of some of the shrews that were obtained in our traps.
These Indians had names for all the animals except these smaller shrews, but, when the attempt was made to set down these names in English it was disheartening to be met with the statement made by educated Indians that there was no possible way to express the necessary sounds with the English alphabet.
That the Western Bushy-tailed Wood Rat (Neotoma cinerea occidentalis) is often to be found on the ocean shore in California, is questionable, but it certainly occurs at times at Requa. Persons connected with the Klamath River Packing Company’s salmon cannery close to the mouth of the Klamath River related a story of having recently killed one with a stick inside the cannery, which was corroborated by Mr. Geo. R. Field, manager of the company and member of the California Academy of Sciences. The Indians also stated that this species was occasionally found at sea level in the vicinity of Requa, but none seemed to be here during the stay of the Academy field party.
The Point Reyes Mountain Beaver (A plodontia phea) was present at Requa in small colonies, but the traps used by the party were too light to hold these powerful little animals, and none was captured. Evidences of their work were noticed, and Mr. Field reported that they had repeatedly diverted for their own use a small spring-fed stream which was led to tanks for the use of the cannery, so that eventually matters had to be arranged to prevent such interference with the flow of water.
Vor. XII] MAILLIARD—FIELD WORK NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, i192 13
By the end of May there hardly seemed to be sufficient prospect of any further important migratory bird movement to warrant a longer stay at Requa, and the return to Eureka was made on June 2. A set of eggs of the Snowy Plover (Agialitis nivosa) was secured on the shore of Humboldt Bay on June 3, and arrange- ments were made with Mr. C. I. Clay, and Deputy Game Warden Lowe, for a trip to Myer’s Ranch, on the South Fork of Eel River, some 60 miles south of Eureka, to look for the Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Zamelodia ludoviciana) which has been reported from there, and thanks are due to these two gentlemen for their kind assistance in this matter. This trip was made in Mr. Lowe’s car on the afternoon of June 4, the party remaining at Myer’s Ranch for 24 hours. At the edge of a cultivated flat, included in a long, V-shaped bend of the river, were several cherry trees heavily loaded with ripe fruit, and birds were constantly flying to them from the red- wood forest near by, but no Rose-breasted Grosbeaks were seen. Mr. Grant Myer without doubt is familiar with this bird, and he stated that several had been seen a couple of weeks previous to this visit, but none had been seen since then. This was corroborated by a neighbor on whose property the cherry trees were situated. These birds are reported to come into the neighborhood when the peaches and apricots are ripe, that is, in July, but in 1921 a frost killed these fruits and none of the birds was expected. In fact, later reports are to the effect that none was seen. This species must evidently breed in some locality not far away, and probably in a small isolated colony that has never increased. Mr. Clay stated at a later interview that he had come across a person who claimed to know where this breeding ground was, and hopes to be able to visit it next season in company with his informant.
While at Myer’s Ranch, the field party found the Monterey Her- mit Thrush evidently breeding there, as an adult bird was seen feeding its young. A couple of specimens were secured for identifi- cation. This is the most northerly record for this sub-species, so farasknown. This record, as well as that of Dwarf Marsh Spar- row, was published in The Condor, Vol. XXIII, 1921, p. 164.
The day following the visit to Myer’s Ranch, the spring field work was brought to a close, and the party returned to San Francisco.
At the end of this paper is a list of birds noted at Requa during the spring work of the field party, giving the dates of arrival of
14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47m Ser.
many of the summer migrants. Many of these dates are very close to the actual ones, while others are, of course, approximate in cases where the species might have been present several days before it was met with.
AUTUMN FIELD WORK (1921)
In the autumn season of the last two years (1919 and 1920) a party from the Department of Ornithology was placed in the field with the principal object of observing the fall migration of fox sparrows from the north. In those two seasons the ground se- lected for this work was on the Inner Coast Range, in Lake and Mendocino counties, California. This year (1921) it was decided to make such observations close to or on the actual coast of north- western California, and to revisit some of the territory covered in the work of the preceding spring. It is the intention of this department to divide the state into longitudinal strips, as it were, and to examine one strip each fall, so as to ascertain, so far as possible, the southerly route taken by the different species of fox sparrows. The greatest element of difficulty in this work is that of discovering favorable spots for such observation.
Another reason for selecting the northwest coast for the field work this fall was the desire to investigate further the status of the crested jay (Cyanocitta stellert subsp.) in that part of California. This jay has been placed with the Coast Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea Grinnell) for many years, but suspicion was aroused in the mind of the writer some years ago as to the correctness of this diagnosis. This region had been visited the previous spring with the idea in view of definitely settling the matter. Specimens in breeding plumage of this jay were obtained at several places on or near the coast; but the fact that it was very difficult to determine at just what date such specimens could correctly be compared with others from the San Francisco Bay region, from which the Coast Jay was described, and where the climate is drier and more moder- ate with brighter winter days, made it seem most desirable to obtain specimens in the new fall plumage, when there would be no question of fading or wear. It was found that as late as the third week in September very few of even the adult jays at Requa had attained a state of full plumage, and the young were greatly behind the young of even date in the San Francisco Bay region.
Vou. XII] MAILLIARD—FIELD WORK NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, 1921 15
The field party consisted of the departmental curator and Mr. Chester C. Lamb, as assistant. Mr. Lamb’s car was the means of transportation, and a suitable camp outfit was part of the equip- ment.
Requa was decided upon as the most northerly objective and it was reached on September 15. Camp was made about three miles from town near the Zwerline dairy, to the owners of which many thanks are due for numerous courtesies and assistance.
It had been an unusually dry summer in Del Norte County and the springs were mere trickles of water, but it commenced to rain on September 17, and kept it up for three days, making it impos- sible to secure much in the way of specimens, either of birds or mammals.
The indians stated that most of the birds were high up on the mountain ranges feeding on the berries then ripe. There certainly were not many down on the lowland. However, a number of specimens of the desired jay were obtained, principally immature birds, in sufficiently good plumage to indicate that instead of being intermediate between the Coast Jay (Cyanocitta stellert carbonacea) of the San Francisco Bay region and the Steller Jay (Cyanocitta stellert stelleri) of British Columbia and southern Alaska, this northwest coast bird is much closer to the Blue-fronted Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis) of the interior and more arid regions of this state. In fact there is good reason to believe that this jay is intermediate between the two latter forms, instead of the two former, as the writer has endeavored to make clear in another paper (Condor, Vol. XXIV, 1922, pp. 127-133).
No fox sparrows were noted in the vicinity of Requa, although there was good cover and feed near by. Apparently at this time, September 15-21, none had worked in there, and it seemed to be a fact that this locality was not on a regular line of migration. The date was not too early, for in other seasons northern birds had been found in the interior farther south at this time, and fox sparrows have been noted in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, much earlier in September.
There were a good many Northern Wren-tits in a thick growth of wild lilac near camp, but none could be induced to show itself, much as specimens in fresh feather were desired. Mention was made of the scarcity of the Varied Thrush in the breeding season,
16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
and the same condition prevailed in the fall. Only one individual was noted during the week’s stay at Requa.
No fox sparrows having appeared, and the time being so short in which to intercept any migratory flight of this genus, it was decided to move farther south and endeavor to find a locality better suited for observation in this line. The return toward Eureka, Humboldt County, was made on September 21, a sharp lookout being kept in all brush-covered localities for indications of fox sparrows, but not a single individual was seen during the trip.
After a consultation with Mr. C. I. Clay of Eureka, who kindly assisted the work of the party in many ways, and whose knowledge of roads and localities in Humboldt County is very complete, the vicinity of Kneeland Postoffice was selected as a promising locality in which to look for fox sparrows. Mr. Clay not only led the way to Kneeland, but gave several demonstrations along the road through the fir forest of how to capture the Long-tailed Tree Mouse (Phenacomys longicaudus). In fact, if it had not been for this practical demonstration of just how to proceed in the matter, it is doubtful if any mice would have been secured by the field party. At least in part of the spring time, the larger nests contain one female with (usually) two or three young, while the male has a small nest of his own, probably often in another tree nearby, as no nests of males were discovered in the small sapling fir trees in which the females’ nests were found. In each case there were branches interlocking from adjacent trees that could furnish means of communication with the family nest. But few nests discovered by us were occupied, and these only in forest that had been exten- sively thinned out by wood cutting. Careful watch was kept for the nests of this mouse in every locality visited by us, but the only ones discovered were on the road between Eureka and Kneeland Postoffice. Dr. Walter P. Taylor has given such a full account of this mouse, its habits, etc., (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci, Series 4, Vol. V, 1915) that it is not advisable to go into further details of it here, interesting though it be.
Kneeland Postoffice was reached September 22, and a camp site selected at the southeasterly end of Kneeland Prairie, where the open rolling land on top of the ridge ends, and the heads of several deep, timbered cafions converge. These cafions are in different watersheds, draining into Mad River on the north and into a tributary of Eel River on the south. There was fair cover for fox
Vor. XII] MAILLIARD—FIELD WORK NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, i921 17
sparrows near camp, and a low gap extending from one watershed into the other made it appear to be a good locality in which to look for a line of migratory flight.
This camp was at an elevation of about 2000 feet, and some 15 miles southeasterly from Eureka, in a direct line. Fox sparrows were noted in small numbers from September 23 to 30, and a few secured each day but one, which was rainy and foggy. The birds mainly appeared to be drifting along rather than moving in an active flight except upon September 26, when Lamb came across indications of a considerable migratory movement. Those speci- mens secured at Kneeland appear to be closest to the Sooty Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca fuliginosa), although not typical. A separate paper has been published on this subject (Condor, Vol. XXIV, No. 2, March-April, 1922, pp. 48-53), which gives a more detailed account of the observations on this genus.
A good series of the crested jay was secured at Kneeland, which is sufficiently near the sea coast to allow of the inclusion of speci- mens taken there among those from the actual coast line.
There were a few grouse (Dendragopus) here, but they were extremely wary and none was secured for absolute iden- tification.
Several marsh sparrows were found on the open prairie, some specimens of which were taken, among which was a good example of the Dwarf Marsh Sparrow, and two specimens of the Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis savanna), as identi- fied by Mr. H. S. Swarth.
While the Northern Wren-tit was heard and not seen at Requa, the opposite was the case at Kneeland, for this bird was not heard to any great extent, but many were seen. In fact, during the time when members of the party would be watching in the thick brush for fox sparrows, there would be one or two of the wren-tits constantly fussing about him, often interfering considerably with the main object of the vigil.
The Northern Spotted Owl was heard here every night, as it had been also at Requa, but it took good care to remain out of sight.
The number of fox sparrows seemed to decrease toward the end of September, and as there did not appear to be much chanceof any very active migratory movement among them at so late a date, it was decided to move camp.
18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Sez.
Mr. Clay suggested a visit to a locality in the southwestern corner of Humboldt County where an extensive area was covered with a thick growth of a white-flowered thorn bush, which might be an attractive place for fox sparrows. This suggestion was followed, and we started from Kneeland Prairie on September 30 with the thorn country as our objective, but with the idea of making several stops along the road.
Capetown, about 25 miles southwest of Eureka, near the mouth of Bear River, was the first stop, and a temporary camp was established in the gravelly bed of the river about half a mile above its mouth. The main object in stopping here was to obtain some of the Mendocino Meadow Mouse (Microtus californicus con- strictus Bailey), of which Capetown is the type locality. In Stephens’ California Mammals, published in 1906, the type locality of this subspecies is given as ‘Mendocino County,’ whereas it should be ‘Cape Mendocino, [Humboldt County], California,’ and the geographic distribution ‘coast region near Cape Mendocino,’ as given in the original description (N. Amer. Fauna, 17, June, 1900, pp. 36, 37), with mention of its abundance at ‘Capetown, just back of Cape Mendocino.’
Unfortunately, this was an “‘off year” for this species in its type locality. Two nights of trapping only produced one specimen, in spite of the fact that Mr. Joseph Dixon of the Museum of Verte- brate Zoology, Berkeley, California, describes them as being so numerous there that there was no necessity for baiting traps. He visited his unbaited traps three times in one day, and found as many specimens of this meadow mouse in them as he could possibly take care of. They were so plentiful in one particular spot that they were caught as they accidentally ran over the triggers of the traps. On the occasion of our visit, not a single specimen was captured in this formerly so thickly populated area, which Mr. Dixon verbally described in such a way as to be readily recognized.
In fact, it seemed to be an off season for small mammals wherever we set traps, for the returns were meager compared with the efforts made.
While most of the country surrounding the camp at Capetown was open pasture land, bleak and bare, there was a very steep hillside just across the little river from the camp that was covered with a dense growth of hazel and salmonberry bushes, which seemed to be a favorite locality for fox sparrows, as many were
Vor. XII] MAILLIARD—FIELD WORK NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, tgzr 19
noted there and some secured. Some jays were heard, but none taken.
On account of the want of success in obtaining jays and small mammals, and because of threatening winds and fog, only two nights were passed here.
On October 2, the southern journey was renewed along the coast and camp made at an attractive-looking spot on Mattole River, five miles south of Petrolia (Humboldt County). This spot was only about six miles from the ocean, but well protected from the sea breezes by a high intervening ridge. A good series of jays and some fox sparrows were taken here as a sample of what the locality produced.
The principal matter of interest at this camp, however, was the number of owls in the vicinity. As many as five species were heard at once, or at least within a few minutes, in the evening. These were the American Barn Owl (Aluco pratincola), Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), California Screech Owl (Otus asio bendiret), Dusky Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus satura- tus), and the Coast Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium gnoma grinnelli), all of which were also heard at intervals throughout the night. At- tempts were made to call up the Northern Spotted and the Coast Pygmy owls to ‘‘spot” them with a light, but while they would come very close, it was impossible to discern them in the heavy foliage of the surrounding trees, and none was seen in the daytime.
There being no particular object in remaining at this camp longer than to obtain examples of the jays and fox sparrows here, the next move was made to the thorn country. From the descrip- tion of it obtained on the road, a good camping ground, with an abandoned cabin in case of a storm, was found about two miles northwest of what is down on the current maps of Humboldt County as “Thorn,” but which at present is merely a ranch house. This camp was also on Mattole River, three or four miles from the southern boundary of Humboldt County, on the road from Garberville to Shelter Cove and six or seven miles from the ocean shore, protected by a ridge, as was the last camping place.
A great deal of the country around here was covered by a heavy growth of thorn bush (Ceanothus incanus), among which were clumps of “wild coffee” (Rhamnus californicus) or “cascara sagrada”’ as it is often called, and ‘“‘wild lilac” (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus).
20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
The fruit or seeds of these plants form an attractive variety of diet for some species of birds, and the number of birds present showed keen appreciation of the opportunities for feasting that such a combination offered.
The species most numerous in the thorn bush were Sooty Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca fuliginosa), California Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus californicus), Nuttall Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli), and Golden-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia coronata). The Sonoma Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum sonome) was found here and several specimens taken. So far this is the most northern coast record for this genus, though it occurs at a more northern latitude in the interior of the state. Three speci- mens were secured of which only one had recovered completely from the autumnal moult. This bird seems darker than typical sonome, but this may be entirely due to the freshness of the plumage, as compared with that of other specimens examined.
In this thorn country fox sparrows were very numerous, espe- cially in some limited areas. While it was possible to bring one or two or even six or eight of these birds into view in almost any part of the thorn-bush territory by arousing their curiosity with a squeaking sound, there were certain spots where they were even more numerous. One of these was a small narrow cafion with water at the bottom, more shaded and with the ground damper than the surrounding area, and here it was easy to cause 20 to 30 birds at a time to drop their ordinary activities in the seclusion of the brush and to come out into full view, often within a few feet of the observer.
As the fox sparrow is naturally of a shy and retiring disposition this exhibition of curiosity overcoming fear was extremely inter- esting, and considerable time was passed observing the actions of the individuals, and in the endeavor to pick out any that might be of a different race from those that had yet been met with on this trip. So far as it was possible to judge under these conditions, about all of them appeared to be referable to the race of Sooty Fox Sparrow, of which a large series had already been secured, so that, in spite of such an opportunity, only a few specimens were taken. Among these only one was referable to another form, which was the Townsend Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca townsendi). As this matter has been gone into rather fully in The Condor recently (loc. cit.) it is hardly worth while to repeat it here.
Vor. XII] MAILLIARD—FIELD WORK NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, t92t 2]
The Band-tailed Pigeon was well represented here in the more wooded areas, numbers of them finding the different seeds and berries much to their taste. Crested jays, on the contrary, were scarce, only one of these being secured here, although others were heard in the distance.
During our stay at this camp the weather became threatening, and if caught here by a severe storm, we would have been delayed by the subsequent condition of the mountain roads beyond the time limit set for our return to headquarters. Hence the camp was regretfully broken on October 7, and the return trip to San Francisco begun in earnest. Soon after the highway was reached, however, a mishap occurred to the car which necessitated its remaining at the nearest garage, which happened to be near Cummings Postoffice, Mendocino County, for several days for repairs.
A good series of jays was collected there, but nothing of great interest was developed in the vicinity, unless the total absence of fox sparrows from the bush hillsides might be called a matter of interest, though rather a negative one. Sonoma Thrashers were heard in the brush, but only one was secured. As this locality may be considered as belonging to the Inner Coast Range and is only some 20 miles from Covelo, from which place this species has been recorded, and but little farther north, it might naturally be looked for here.
Trapping for small mammals had been conducted through this field trip, but the results had been small, as was the case during the spring field work. Some nights not a trap would be touched. Other than a poor representation of white-footed mice (Peromys- cus) no other small mammals were secured except two shrews (Sorex) and one meadow mouse (Microtus).
Yet the owl family was well represented at every stopping place. It was very unfortunate that none was secured to find out what food was being eaten by the various species of owls identified by their nightly calls.
In the localities visited by the Academy field parties during the past three years rodents have been for the most part scarce, with no apparent reason. Possibly some epidemic has thinned them out. It is a well recognized fact that these animals are seldom abundant for any great length of time in any one locality, even one in which they may appear in great numbers in some years.
22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH See.
A sharp watch was kept in all suitable forest country for nests of the Long-tailed Tree Mouse as outlined elsewhere in this paper, but very few nests were found, and of those discovered in accessible situations the great majority appeared deserted.
LIST OF LAND BIRDS NOTED AT REQUA, DEL NORTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, APRIL 21 TO JUNE 1, 1921
1. California Quail (Lophortyx californica californica) —Resident but not abundant. 2. Band-tailed Pigeon (Columba fasciata fasciata)—Several flocks seen. Breeding. 3. Western Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura marginella). —Rare. One pair seen May 29. 4. Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura septentrionalis)—Abundant. Feeding on dead eels on river bank. Sharp-shinned Hawk ( A ccipiter velox) —Several seen. Western Red-tailed Hawk ( Buteo borealis calurus) —Resident. Duck Hawk (Falco peregrinus anatum).—One Seen May 1. Northern Pigeon Hawk (Falco columbarius columbarius). —One seen at close range independently by J. Mailliard and C. Littlejohn May 14. 9. American Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius sparverius). —Breeding. Probably resident. Not abundant. 10. American Osprey (Pandion haliaétus carolinensis) —One pair seen building nest May 18. 11. Dusky Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus saturatus) —Resident. 12. Western Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon caurina)—Quite common in spring at least. 13. Harris Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus harrisi)—Resident. Not abundant. 14. Gairdner Woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens gairdneri) —Resi- dent. Not abundant. 15. Lewis Woodpecker (Asyndesmus lewist)—One seen May 13. 16. Northwestern Flicker (Colaptes cafer saturatior) —Resident. Not numerous, at least in spring. 17. Vaux Swift (Chetura vauxi)—Noted on April 25 and often seen later. 18. Allen Hummingbird (Selasphorus alleni)—Summer visitant. Numerous during May.
con ON
Vou. X11] MAILLIARD—FIELD WORK NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, 192t 23
19. Arkansas Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis) Apparently only passing through. Two seen May 7, both of which were secured (C. A. S. Nos. 23910, male, and 23911, female), and one noted on June 2; all three on flat across river.
20. Olive-sided Flycatcher ( Nuttallornis borealis) —Summer visit- ant. First noted May 8.
21. Western Wood Pewee (Myiochanes richardsoni richardson). —Summer visitant. First noted May 28, but this species may have arrived during the absence of the field party from May 19 to 28.
22. Western Flycatcher (Empidonax diffcilis difficilis) —-Two heard April 23. One secured May 2. Rare summer vis- itant.
23. Traill Flycatcher (Empidonax trailli trailli) One seen April 23, after which none was noted until May 28, 29, and 30, when many were seen. None found after latter date. May have arrived during party’s absence May 19-28.
24. Blue-fronted (?) Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri subsp.) —Resident. Numerous. Intermediate between Cyanocitta stellert fron- talis and Cyanocitta stelleri stelleri.
25. Oregon Jay (Perisoreus obscurus obscurus).—Either very shy or very rare. Twoseen April 30, one May 4, and one May 31.
26. Western Raven (Corvus corax sinuatus)—Several pair were from time to time in evidence.
27. Northwestern Red-wing (Agelaius pheniceus caurinus). —Several pair were seen on the flat on the opposite side of the river, and several specimens secured. It seemed as if this species should nest there, but the birds had all dis- appeared by May 12.
28. Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) —A few were seen on the flat across the river.
29. California Brewer Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus minus- culus)—A few pair were nesting near farm houses.
30. California Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus californicus). —First seen April 24. Quite abundant later.
31. California Linnet (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis)—First seen April 27. Abundant two weeks later.
32. American Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra minor)—Several flocks noted at various times in tree tops among the tall timber and some specimens taken.
24
So:
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
47.
48.
49,
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Sz.
Willow Goldfinch (Astragalinus tristis salicamans)—First noted April 28, abundant later.
Green-backed Goldfinch (A stragalinus psaltria hesperophilus). —Rarely seen. First noted April 26. ‘
Pine Siskin (Spinus pinus pinus)—First one seen April 24. Abundant later.
English Sparrow (Passer domesticus)—A few of these birds were busy around the village.
Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis savanna). —Two birds of this form were taken in the open pasture on the hillside back of the village on May 4 and 5, respectively. None seen later.
Western Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis alau- dinus) —One taken.
Dwarf Savannah Sparrow ( Passerculus sandwichensis brooksi). —A few pairs breeding in flat across the river. Several (males) secured for identification.
Nuttall Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) —Abundant in partially open country.
. Golden-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia coronata)—Abundant
during migration. Last seen May 10.
. Western Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina arizona).
One reported by Littlejohn April 21 as having been seen in tree close by Agency cottage. Only one noted.
. Oregon Junco (Junco oreganus oreganus).—Several seen, two
secured. Last seen May 7.
. Mendocino Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia cleonensis).
—Abundant in suitable places. Breeding.
. Forbush Sparrow (Melospiza lincolni gracilis) Several seen
in migration April 22. Two secured.
. Pacific Black-headed Grosbeak (Zamelodia melanocephala
capitalis) First noted on May 4. Some seen later but never abundant.
Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana)—Rarely seen. First seen May 3.
Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons)—A number appeared in the town on May 7, and quite a colony nested on an unused cannery building.
Barn Swallow ( Hirundo erythrogaster) —Several seen April 23. Breeding.
Vor. XII] MAILLIARD—FIELD WORK NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, iget 25
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
BR):
56.
Sie
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
Tree Swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor)—Many seen April 23 and later. Nesting in trunks of dead trees in bottom lands. Northern Violet-green Swallow (Tachycineta thalassina
lepida)—Seen April 26 and later.
Western Warbling Vireo (Vireosylva gilva swainsoni)—Two seen April 22, and a few seen later from time to time.
Hutton Vireo (Vireo huttoni huttoni)—Seen April 23. Scarce.
Lutescent Warbler (Vermivora celata lutescens)—Common summer visitant. Already present when field party arrived.
California Yellow Warbler (Dendroica e@stiva brewsteri)—A few seen May 1 by Littlejohn.
Alaska Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata hooveri)—Noted April 22 and a little later, when a few were seen during migration.
Black-throated Gray Warbler (Dendroica nigrescens).—One taken May 18. None other seen.
Townsend Warbler (Dendroica townsendi)—A number seen in tree by Agency cottage during rainstorm on May 1. Evidently migrating, as not seen later.
Western Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas occidentalis) —One shot by Mailliard on May 4 but not retrieved. ~A couple of others seen but not secured, presumably of this sub- species.
Long-tailed Chat (Icteria virens longicauda).—Arrived during absence of field party between May 19 and 28. Several noted. Apparently breeds.
Golden Pileolated Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla chryseola).—First seen April 22, but probably arrived at Requa before this date. Numerous later.
Western House Wren (Tvoglodytes aédon parkmani).—One secured May 18. None other seen.
Western Winter Wren ( Nannus hiemalis pacificus) —Not seen until May 30, when one or two were seen or heard.
Tule Wren (Telmatodytes palustris paludicola)—A few in marshy places along streams. One taken May 11.
Chestnut-backed Chickadee (Penthestes rufescens rufescens). —Common resident.
Northern Wren-tit (Chamea fasciata phea).—Resident but not numerous,
26
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.
Russet-backed Thrush (Hylocichla ustulata ustulata) —First noted May 4. Abundant later. Nesting about village. Alaska Hermit Thrush (Hylochicla guttata guttata) —Hermit thrushes were heard from time to time up to the middle of May. One referable to this form was taken May 6.
Dward Hermit Thrush ( Hylocichla guttata nana) —One speci- men referred to this form taken May 2.
Western Robin (Planesticus migratorius propinguus).—Abun- dant. Nesting.
Varied Thrush (Ixoreus nevius ne@vius)—Rare. Nesting in dark places in forest.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourtH SERIES Vot. XII, No. 2, pp. 27-29 January 2, 1923
I NEW SPECIES OF HYNOBIUS FROM JAPAN
BY E. R. DUNN
Smith College
The following diagnoses record seven new species of Hynobius from Hokkaido, Hondo, Kyushu, and three of the islands in the Korean straits. Full description will appeal in a revision of the family Hynobiide which I am preparing.
My thanks are due to the California Academy of Sciences through Dr. John Van Denburgh for the loan of a very large col- lection of these animals.
1. Hynobius retardatus Dunn, new species
Diagnosis: A Hynobius with long, flat tail; toes 5; very long; vomerine tooth series very short. Gray-brown, a darker lateral stripe. Transforming at a large size.
Type: No. 35928, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci., a young male, collected August 30, 1911, by V. Kuhne.
Type-locality: Noboribetsu, Iburi Province, Hokkaido.
Remarks: This well-marked species apparently represents the genus on Hokkaido.
2. Hynobius kimurze Dunn, new species
Diagnosis: A Hynobius with a short, thick tail; toes 4; very long vomerine series. Purplish-brown; small, light flecks over whole upper surface.
Type: No. 8546, Mus. Comp. Zool., an adult female, collected in 1920, by Dr. Kimura and Dr. H. H. Wilder.
Type-locality: Mt. Heizan, near Kyoto, Hondo.
Remarks: An adult male, No. 27258, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci., from Hida Province, Hondo, agrees in general with the type. This species is allied to H. nevius.
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28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.
3. Hynobius stejnegeri Dunn, new species
Diagnosis: A Hynobius with a short, thick tail; toes 5; very long vomerine series. Chocolate-brown above, thickly marbled all over with rather large lighter blotches.
Type: No. 23901, U. S. Nat. Mus., an adult female, collected by Mr. Nakagawa.
Type-locality: Kumamoto, Higo Province, Kyushu.
Remarks: Closely allied to H. nevius and H. kimure, appar- ently replacing them on Kyushu.
4. Hynobius vandenburghi Dunn, new species
Diagnosis: A Hynobius with very flat tail; toes 5; medium series of vomerine teeth. Light, spotted with darker; sides of tail black, edges light.
Type: Bo. 26714, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci., an adult male, collected May, 1911, by V. Kuhne.
Type-locality: Nara, Yamato Province, Hondo.
Remarks: This species is allied to H. nebulosus of Kyushu, which it replaces on Hondo.
5. Hynobius ikishimze Dunn, new species
Diagnosis: A Hynobius with tail thick at base, flattened at tip; vomerine series of medium length; toes 5. Grayish-brown, with coarse black spots; edges of tail usually light, sides of tail not black.
Type: No. 26318, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci., an adult male, collected October, 1910, by V. Kuhne.
Type-locality: Iki-shima, in the Korean straits.
Remarks: Allied to H. nebulosus, and to the species of the other islands in the Korean straits.
6. Hynobius bicolor Dunn, new species
Diagnosis: A Hynobius with a tail thick at base, flattened at tip; vomerine series of medium length; toes 5. Male usually black; female yellow, with coarse black spots; edges of tail yellow, the sides black.
Type: No. 26447, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci., an adult male, collected October, 1910, by V. Kuhne.
Type-locality: Tsushima, South Island, in the Korean straits.
Remarks: Allied to the forms of Kyushu, Iki-shima, and Tsu- shima, North Island.
Vor. XII) DUNN—NEW SPECIES OF HYNOBIUS 29
7. Hynobius tagoi Dunn, new species
Diagnosis: Similar to H. bicolor in structure, but brownish-gray, with fine dark stippling on whole dorsal surface.
Type: No. 26563, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci., an adult male, collected October, 1910, by V. Kuhne.
Type-locality: Tsushima, North Island.
Remarks: The animals from the different islands in the Korean straits may be easily distinguished by the color characters which, though variable in the mass, are very constant in some of the details. Thus, none of the individuals from one island, although differing among themselves, ever looks like any individual from another island. This makes framing a diagnosis very difficult.
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CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourRTH SERIES
Vo. XII, No. 3, pp. 31-41, pls. 1-3 January 2, 1923
III
UPPER MIOCENE LACUSTRINE MOLLUSKS FROM SONOMA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
BY G. DALLAS HANNA Curator, Department of Invertebrate Paleontology
The collection of freshwater and brackish water fossils which are described in the following pages was obtained in 1916 by Mr. J. B. Kerr from deposits in the Petaluma and Santa Rosa Quad- rangles of Sonoma County, California. The stratigraphy of the region has been studied in detail by Dr. Roy E. Dickerson! who concluded that ‘‘* * * the formation is a freshwater and brackish water phase of the marine San Pablo of upper Miocene age, as both are unconformably below the Sonoma group and its equiva- lent, the Pinole tuff.”’
The fossils do not furnish information which would necessitate a modification of that statement. The absence of such genera as Parapholyx, Carinifex, and Gonidea, all wide-spread in Cali- fornia Pliocene lakes, is very good evidence that these deposits antedate the Pliocene.
The localities at which the fossils were secured are more par- ticularly described as follows, the numbers being of the Academy’s series:
415. ‘Incafion about 2.1 miles north, 26° east of Elmore School, and 2.5 miles southeast of Mountain School Road, Petaluma Quad- rangle, Sonoma County, California. Clay-shale and soft fossilif- erous sandstones occur interbedded.’”’ The mollusks indicate that the deposit was formed in brackish water.
417. ‘In Haggin Creek, about 200 feet below bridge, one mile southeast of Penn Grove, Santa Rosa Quadrangle, Sonoma County,
1Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., Vol. XI, No. 19, pp. 540-543, 1922.
ay
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32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.
California. Strictly freshwater fossils occur in green clay beds, immediately above which is conglomerate. The strata dip 12° southwest and have a strike of north 60° west.”’
418. “In ravine, .4 mile south, 20° west from Sartori’s ranch house, Petaluma Quadrangle, Sonoma County, California. Fos- siliferous clay-shale dipping 55° southwest, strike, north 32° west.” Fossils are strictly freshwater forms.
BRACKISH WATER SPECIES
The best preserved specimens of the brackish water fauna occur at locality 415. Here Corbicula gabbiana occurs in all of its many variations and in all ages. Associated with it are Goniobasis rodeoensis (Clark), a Mya and a Nematurella. All are either identical or closely related to forms found in various places in the uppermost portion of the San Pablo formation. This lends weight to the supposition that the two horizons are equivalent.
1. Mya dickersoni Clark ¢
The hinges of a pair of Mya shells were found at locality 415 associated with Corbicula gabbiana. It cannot be positively stated that they belong to the San Pablo species to which they have been questionably referred, because only the shape of that form is known.
2. Corbicula gabbiana Henderson Plate I, figures 1 and 2
Cyrena californica Gabb, Geol. Surv. Calif., Paleon., Vol. II, p. 26, pl. VII, fig. 45, 1869. (Not Cyrena californica Prime, Mon. Amer. Corbiculide#, Smith. Misc. Coll., No. 145, p. 23, 1865.)
Clorbicula] californica Gabb, Dall, Trans. Wag. Free Inst. Sci., Vol. III, Pt. VI, p. 1451, October, 1903; placed in subgenus Cyanocyclas Ferussac, 1818.
Cyrena (Corbicula) californica Gabb, Clark Univ. Calif. Pub., Bull. Dept. Geol., Vol. VIII, No. 22, p. 459, pl. 56, fig. 2, 1915.
Corbicula gabbiana Henderson, Nautilus, Vol. XXXIII, p. 120, April, 1920.
Corbicula californica Gabb, Dickerson, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, No. 19, p. 542, 1922. Trask, Univ. Calif. Publ., Geol., Vol. XIII, p. 150, 1922.
Vor. XII] HANNA—UPPER MIOCENE LACUSTRINE MOLLUSKS 33
At Locality 415, this species is exceedingly abundant in all stages of development. Fully mature individuals have thick, heavy shells, but young ones are thin and delicate. The hinge structure is figured herewith, apparently for the first time. The long lamellar, serrated laterals seem to distinguish Corbicula from Cyrena, but the genotypes have not been investigated thoroughly in this connection.
Unfortunately, Gabb’s name, C. californica, was used by Prime for a very different species four years earlier. Prime’s californica was a substitute name for californiensis Prime,’ and this in turn was used to replace the name Cyrena subguadrata Deshayes.° Under the latter name was described a living shell from ‘“Cali- fornia’ which Cooper* stated came from the Gulf of California. Cooper also referred to the prior use of Gabb’s name by Prime but substituted no other. Nor does it appear that any author prior to Henderson has re-named it.
Prime’s ground for changing C. subquadrata Deshayes to C. californiensis Prime, was the fact that Cylas subguadrata Sowerby (1836)® was considered to belong to the genus Cyrena by him and by Morris. Whether such action was justified or not cannot make Gabb’s name tenable, as Henderson has shown.
This seems to be a characteristic species of the Upper Miocene brackish water deposits. Cooper’ listed it from three localities; Kirker Pass (type locality) and Green Valley, Contra Costa County; and Soquel, Santa Cruz County. Clark’ has listed it from six places in the Upper San Pablo Miocene. It has usually been found associated with such forms as Mya, Littorina, Gonio- basis and Nematurella.
3. Nematurella euzona Hanna, new species Plate II, figure 10
Spire elevated, conical, composed of 51% whorls, sides slightly but evenly rounded. Surface marked only with fine, even growth strie; body whorl obtusely but very decidedly angulated; imper- forate; columellar and parietal walls thickened; peristome not
2Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1660, P- 276. 3Proc. Zool. Soc De tet
47th Ann. Rep. State Meeoteere D. 238, 1888.
5Geol. Trans. 2nd Ser. IV, p. 345, pl. TOT fig. 8, 1836.
‘Brit. Foss. p. 200, 1854.
‘7th Ann. Rep. State Min. Calif. p. 238, 1888.
Univ. Calif. Pub. Bull. Dept. Geol. Vol. 8, No. 22, p. 459, 1915.
34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
expanded or thickened. A small but very well-marked anal sulcus at the upper apertural angle. Operculum not found.
Altitude mm. MUSKIE S Diameter mm. oF 3.1 (Type) 525 Shall 4.5 2.9 5.8 3.6
Type: No. 511, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Type-locality: 415, Upper Miocene of Sonoma County, Cali- fornia.
The genus Nematurella Sandberger, or its allies, Stenothyra Benson, and Euchilus Sandberger, have apparently not been here- tofore detected in America but are represented in European Tertiary by several species. There is little doubt, however, that the form with which we are dealing, as well as the much larger San Pablo species belongs therein. The latter was described as “Littorina pittsburgensis’ by Dr. Clark,’ but his figure shows the decided sulcus in the upper angle. That species is 12 mm. in alti- tude, has a proportionately lower spire and no angulation on the body whorl.
4. Goniobasis rodeoensis (Clark) Plate I, figure 3
Cerithium rodeoensis Clark, Univ. Calif. Pub. Bull. Dept. Geol., Vol. VIII, No. 22, p. 491, Pl. 69, figs. 1-10., 1915.
Bittium rodeoensis (Clark), Dickerson, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., Vol. XI, p. 542, 1922.
This excessively variable species is common at localities 415 and 417. At the former it is associated with Corbicula and Mya, supposedly of brackish water habitat, while at the latter it is found with such strictly freshwater forms as Planorbis and Lymnea. The only difference which could be made out in the shells from the two localities is the slightly greater attenuation of those from 415. This is visible in the figures given where a, b, c, and d, are from 415 while e and f are from 417. This difference, however, does not seem to be sufficient to warrant the separation of the forms specifically since, in a series of measurements, it is found to
Vor. XII]. HANNA—UPPER MIOCENE LACUSTRINE MOLLUSKS 35
amount to only about half a millimeter. Certain forms of sculp- ture can be matched exactly at the two localities although more variations occur at locality 415.
Measurements
Locality 415 Locality 417 Altitude mm. Diametermm. Altitude mm. Diameter mm. 13% 4.8 12E5 4.8 1325 4. 13.5) Be 11. 4.4 16.4 6.2 125 4.1 whl 5. et 5. IE Sez 9.5 4. Ne 7) 4.5
1S 4.3
While variation in sculpture is great, in no specimen is there an approach to the Pliocene, G. kettlemanensis Arnold.” It appears however to be a dwarfed counterpart of Goniobasis tenera (Hall)"™ as defined by White.* His Wyoming, Colorado and Utah specimens figured, however, show some variations in sculpture which have not been found in the western form and the Rocky Mountain specimens are consistently larger; also, the diameter is greater as compared with the altitude.
StrRicTLy FRESHWATER FoRMS 5. Sphzerium cynodon Hanna, new species Plate I, figures 4, 5, 6
Shell ovate, large and robust, almost equilateral, beaks full and elevated; anterior dorsal margin slightly concave, posterior convex. Right valve with two laterals anterior and two posterior, all about of equal height, dorsal ones placed opposite centers of ventral ones and channels between very deep to accommodate the high blade- like laterals of the left valve; right cardinal single, convex side uppermost, thickened posteriorly; left laterals, one posterior and one anterior, the latter being higher and less elongated than the former; left cardinals two, situated directly beneath the beak, the lower being the larger and having a triangular base.
wBull. U. S. G. S. 396, p. 99, Pl. XXX. fig. 7, 1909. uFremont’s Rep. oS and N. Calif. p. 308, Pi. Ill, ‘fig. 6, 1845. 193rd Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. p. 464, Pl. 31, figs. 1 to 30.
36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rm Ser.
Measurements Length mm. Heightmm. Half diameter mm. ike 9. 3.5 (Type 1. v.) te 9. 3.5 (Type. v.) 12% 9.5 3.5 (Freak shell.) 13.5 10.5 4. (r.v.) 13.4 10.5 Ze (GNA)
Type: No. 514, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Type-locality: 417, Upper Miocene of Sonoma County, Cali- fornia.
The combination of characters found in this species cannot be matched with specimens and descriptions which are available. S. coopert Arnold® while having a somewhat similar shape has much lower beaks and the hinge and teeth are very different. It seems closer to that species, however, than to any other which has been adequately figured. The three species described by Han- nibal,““ S. rodgersi, S. catherine and S. andersonianum, from California Tertiary deposits were too poorly figured and too briefly described for the specific characters to be made out. Unfor- tunately, the same is true of some recent species.
6. Pisidium curvatum Hanna, new species Plate I, figure 7; Plate II, figures 1, 2, 4
Shell trigonal in shape, beaks high and capped with the embry- ‘onic shell in some cases; hinge strongly arched, with the apex much to posterior of center of shell; anterior margin almost straight, posterior gently curved; right valve with two anterior and two posterior laterals, the former the larger, the space between each pair deep, to accept the high pointed laterals of the other valve; dorsal laterals long and narrow, ventrals high and pointed; the single right cardinal is anterior to the beak, high, bow-shaped, and placed symmetrically on the hinge; from its posterior dorsal border a well-marked ridge extends posteriorly in a straight line toward the hinge margin but does not meet it; this marks the lower border of the ligament attachment.
Left valve with single, high pointed laterals, anterior and posterior; cardinal teeth two, the anterior the larger and with tri-
“Bull. 396, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 94, Pl. XXX, figs. 2, 2a, 1909. Proc. Mal. Soc. Lon. Vol. Ke p- 131-132, Pl. VI, fig. 11, Pl. VII, figs. 20, 21, 1912.
Vor. XII] HANNA—UPPER MIOCENE LACUSTRINE MOLLUSKS 37
angular base; posterior cardinal a low lamella extending backward parallel to a counterpart of the ridge mentioned as bounding the lower ligament attachment in the other valve.
Measurements Length mm. Height mm. 4.2 3.7 (Typer. v.) 4.4 3.9 (Type l. v.)
Type: No. 515, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Type-locality: 417, Upper Miocene of Sonoma County, Cali- fornia.
Ten specimens were found at the type locality. In shape the species is very much like the west American recent P. compressum Prime. The teeth in this, however, are much lower in specimens which are available for comparison; and the lower boundary of the ligament attachment area is marked by a bow-shaped ridge which meets the shell margin and has the convex side downward. A few other differences can be seen in the shells but it is believed these will be sufficient for segregation.
P. curvatum appears to be much like P. supinum Schmidt of Europe. The latter, however, has higher beaks if we may judge by Woodward’s figures, and the hinge is heavier. The dorsal laterals are located above the centers of the ventrals in supinum, whereas they are almost directly opposite in curvatum.
Another name is added with reluctance to the long list in this genus, since synonyms must already be abundant. But a great many of the American forms have been described without illus- trations, so that it is practically impossible to make identifications therefrom, while many of those described years ago and illustrated by wood cuts are but little better.
7. Lymnza petaluma Hanna, new species Plate II, figures 3, 7
Shell imperforate; spire elevated, conical, consisting of about four whorls which are but little rounded; surface malleated and marked with coarse growth lines on the body whorl; upper whorls irregularly marked with growth ridges. Columellar wall thickened and the callous deposit over the parietal wall broadened out; aperture not expanded. Interior of shell iridescent.
16Cat. Brit. Sp. Pis. Pl. XXVI, fig. 7, 1913.
38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH Ser.
Length of type, 22.5 mm; diameter, 14.5 mm. Original full dimensions of same specimen about 25 mm. by 16 mm.
Type: No. 516, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Type-locality: 417, Upper Miocene of Sonoma County, Cali- fornia.
This species belongs to the subgenus Bulimnza, and is closely related to the living American species, L. megasoma, but has fewer whorls; whorls flatter on the spire, the columella more thickened and the callus over the parietal wall broader. The type has the spire broken away but a young individual is figured to show the characters.
The collection contains about 30 specimens from locality 417. All are more or less crushed and broken. Some were considerably larger than the type, but it is the most perfect.
8. Lymnzea filocosta Hanna, new species Plate II, figure 5
Shell small, ovate, whorls 3%, very convex; sutures deep; surface marked with fine even, close-set longitudinal riblets; spiral sculpture absent; aperture ovate; peristome thickened within; columella straight and reflected over the narrow umbilicus. Alti- tude, 3.5 mm.; diameter, 2.1 mm.
Type: No. 518, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Type-locality: 417, Upper Miocene of Sonoma County, Cali- fornia.
The species is similar in size to the recent L. dalli Baker, *but that species has more whorls and they are shouldered; also the growth lines are uneven and inclined to be coarse. Four other specimens of filocosta from the type-locality show but little variation. Lymnea alamosensis Arnold” from the Pliocene of Los Alamos Valley, Santa Barbara County, California, is of undoubted close relation- ship, but it is larger, (six mm.) is more slender, and the whorls are less rounded.
9. Lymnza kerri Hanna, new species Plate II, figure 6 Shell long and slender, conical, apex slightly obtuse; composed of a little over four whorls which are only slightly rounded. Surface
wNaut. XX, p. 125, 1907. Monog. Lym., p. 251, Pl. XXX, figs. 13-18, 1911.
"Bull. 322, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 59, pl. X XI, figs. 6,7,1907. (No description.) Arnold Smith. Mise. Coll., Vol. L Quarterly Issue Vol. IV, pt. 4, p. 430, pl. LIV, figs. 6, 7, 1908. Baker ons Lym. North Am., Chicago Acad. Sci., Spec. Pub. No. 3, p. 104, pl. XVII, figs.
Vor. XII] HANNA—UPPER MIOCENE LACUSTRINE MOLLUSKS 39
glossy, marked by delicate lines of growth crossed by minute spiral striez, only visible under considerable magnification; aperture ovate; peristome thin; columella swollen inside, broadly reflected, partially concealing the umbilicus when viewed from directly in front. Altitude, 4.2 mm.; diameter, 2.3 mm.
Type: No. 519, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.
Type-locality: 417, Upper Miocene of Sonoma County, Cali- fornia.
Only one specimen was found in the material collected. Itisa perfect shell, although broken and slightly displaced in being mended. Its glossy surface with spiral sculpture seems to indicate that we are here dealing with a relative of Lymne@a(?) limatula, but sufficient material is not available to definitely decide the point. The species apparently does not approach closely any living American Lymnza.
Named for Mr. J. B. Kerr who collected the material.
10. Lymnzea (’) limatula Hanna, new species Plate II, figures 8, 9
Shell acutely conical, smooth and glossy, highly polished. Whorls, 51%, very slightly rounded; sutures weak; surface marked with fine growth lines and fine spiral striae which, under high magnification, appear as a satiny sheen; aperture long and narrow, acutely angular above; columella straight, reflected over the very narrow umbilical perforation; peristome thin. Altitude, 9.9 mm.; diameter, 4.5 mm.; length of aperture, 5 mm.
Type: No. 520, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Type-locality: 417, Upper Miocene of Sonoma County, Cali- fornia.
This shell may not be a Lymnza. Its characters suggest strongly such genera as Ferrusacia and Obeliscus of the Achatinide, but the type is a little too poorly preserved to warrant its separ- ation as a distinct genus, or the placing of it in a group hitherto unknown in North America. Therefore, until better specimens are found, it seems best that it be retained under Lymnza with a question.
One other adult shell besides the type was found but it also has been badly crushed. There are also eight small shells from the same locality which have the same form of sculpture and are
40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.
believed to be young of this species. One of them is figured in order to show the character of shell at that age. It will be seen that the aperture of this differs materially from that of the type. The broken columella of the type, however, gives a false impression of the shape as it actually existed. The young shell shows a heavy callus over the parietal wall; this has apparently been lost in the type specimen.
The species bears a suspicious resemblance to the fossil described as Bulimus limneiformis Meek & Hayden,!* and which was later placed in the genus of land mollusks, Thaumastus Albers, by Meek." It came from the Laramie Group of the upper Missouri River.
11. Lymnzea contracosta (?) Cooper
At locality 418 several specimens of a large Lymnza were col- lected. They appear very much like the figures of L. contracosta,” a very imperfectly known form. All of the specimens are too badly crushed for a positive identification to be made.
12. Physa sp.?
At locality 418 there was collected a single young shell of a Physa which cannot be identified specifically. The absence of this well known genus in the other deposits of Sonoma County is very noteworthy.
13. Planorbis pleiopleurus Hanna, new species Plate III, figures 1, 2, 3
Shell widely umbilicate, discoidal, spire about equally depressed above and below; surface ribbed both above and below, the ribs varying slightly in height and distance apart; periphery obtusely angulated; whorls slightly more than three; last half of last whorl depressed slightly below the one preceding but the aperture is not abruptly deflected. Altitude, 1.2 mm.; diameter, 3.2 mm.
Type: No. 521, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Type-locality: 417, Upper Miocene of Sonoma County, Cali- fornia.
18Proc. pe Nat. Sci. Phila. Vol. VIII, p. a 1836. U.S. G. S. Terr. Vol. IX, p. 553, Pl. 44, fig. 8,a 876. vies, Proc. Calif. Acad. Lest ii, Vol "IV, Pi. xiv? a a 1894. Baker, Mon. Lym. Pl. XVII, fig. 12, 1911.
Vor. XII] HANNA—UPPER MIOCENE LACUSTRINE MOLLUSKS 41
This minute form belongs to the P. parvus group of living species. The coarse sculpture and obtusely angulated periphery distinguish it. Eight specimens were collected at the type locality. Almost all are perfect and show very little variation in size, shape and sculpture.
14. Planorbis plenus Hanna, new species
Plate III, figures 4, 5, 6
Shell widely umbilicate, discoidal, last whorl depressed, making the width of the spire less below than above; surface evenly sculp- tured with delicate striae above and below; whorls 3%, almost circular in cross section.
Measurements
Altitude mm. Diameter mm. 3e5 7.5 (Type) Sai] 8.5 Sr te
Type: No. 522, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Type-locality: 417, Upper Miocene of Sonoma County, Cali- fornia.
The 25 specimens in the collection from the type-locality show little variation. In the type there is an enlargement near the last of the last whorl, probably indicative of a period of rest during development; it is absent in some senile individuals which con- tain over four whorls. The species appears unique among United States planorbs, although there is a superficial resemblance to the toothed genus, Segmentina. Its closest relative seems to be Planorbis cornu Bourg., of European Upper Miocene.
tae as
wa 7 ig ql ; , a 7 : : ? y 9 a Oath . Phe : i eee ' ; La a J f mA ay . ve ie 7 Leg : : ; a Taw, : 7 i - t od 7 Ls 7 { Y a ow. ’ f a) | a ro8e » ae, a i a a ae ‘tomer tel eet ei bY Wile =, adi ree : = 0 . 2 : ay ee LSS yee ar al, ‘ 1, i iy : J » we ¢ OTA Coes | ath Teed ;
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PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XII [HANNA] Plate 1
7.
Fig. 1. Corbicula gabbiana Henderson, inside of right valve, X 1; Fig. 2. Corbicula gabbiana Henderson, inside of left valve, X 1; Fig. 3. Gonitobasis rodeoensis (Clark), a, b, c, d, various forms of sculpture from locality 415, e, f, shells from locality 417, X 3; Fig. 4. Stherium cynodon, new species, type, interior of right valve, X 4; Fig. 5. Spherium cynodon, new species, interior of left valve of freak shell, X 4; Fig. 6. Spherium cynodon, new species, type, interior of left valve and exterior of right valve, X 4; Fig. 7. Pisidium curvatum, new species, type, interior of left valve, X 10.
PROC. CAL, ACAD. SCl,, 4th,Series, Vol. XII [HANNA] Plate 2
8.
Fig. 1. Pzsidium curvatum, new species, type, interior of right valve, X 10; Fig. 2. Pisidium curvatum, new species, type, exterior of right valve, X 10; Fig. 3. Lymna@a fetaluma, new species, young shell, X 5; Fig. 4. Pisitdium curvatum, new species, type, vertical view, X 10; Fig. 5. Lymnea filocosta, new species, type, X 15; Fig. 6. Lymnea kerri, new species, type, X 15; Fig. 7. Lymnaea petaluma, new species, type, X 3; Fig. 8. Lymnea (?) limatula, new species, young shell, X 15; Fig. 9. Lymnea (?) lima- tula, new species, type, X 5; Fig. 10. Nematurella euzona, new species, type, X 8.5.
PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XII [HANNA] Plate 3
Fig. 1. Planorbis pleiopleurus, new species, type, X 15; Fig. 2. Planorbis tleiopleurus, new species, type, X 15; Fig. 3. Planorbis fleiopleurus, new species, type, X 15; Fig. 4. Planorbis plenus, new species, type, X 8. 5; Fig. 5. Planorbis flenus, new species, type, X 8.5; Fig. 6. Planorbis plenus, new species, type, X 5.
me ae * r 1 ' A - “ ¢ 4 - 7 a 7 el : J ~ : ¢ - i 4 ae oy é : A 7 a - - " 7 - the s ? i i - a = _ ’ 7 : - 5 - or - ae wh - : 2 ny - 2 - v
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourtH SERIES
Vot. XII, No. 4, pp. 43-50, pl. 4 January 2, 1923
IV
NOTES ON SOME LAND SNAILS OF THE SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES
BY G. DALLAS HANNA AND EMMET RIXFORD
In order to gather definite information regarding some little known species of land snails of the California Sierra Nevada two trips were made by us to these mountains in 1921. We went first to Columbia in Tuolumne County and searched for one day and a part of another for Epiphragmophora circumcarinata (Stearns). Columbia is said to be the type locality of this rare form, known in the field only to its discoverer, Crawford. We did not find it but we secured much valuable material of the E. mormonum group. In fact, this material made it apparent that a trip to the type locality of mormonum would be necessary.
This led us to Mormon Island in Sacramento County, on the second trip. After we had secured an abundance of specimens of mormonum there, it became very evident that a revision of this difficult group of snails could not be attempted until much more collecting had been done at other places. With very considerable series of specimens already available, it appears probable that, to the north, mormonum passes into fidelis by imperceptible gra- dations, while to the south and west the series can possibly be connected directly with such diverse forms as dupetithouarstt. It is hoped that this remarkable situation can be fully exposed after two. or three more years of collecting.
At Mormon Island a species of Polygyra was discovered, which appears to be new, and on the same trip we found Ammonitella yatesii Cooper at its type locality in Calaveras County. Our notes on these forms are offered herewith because it does not seem desirable to withhold them indefinitely while field work progresses on other subjects.
44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.
Ammonitella yatesii Cooper Plate IV, figures 4, 5, 6, and 7
In 1869, J. G. Cooper! created the genus Ammonitella to contain a very odd species of land snail which was discovered in Calaveras County, California, by Lorenzo G. Yates after whom the species was named. The genus received its name because of its super- ficial resemblance to an ammonite. It also resembles Planorbis to a remarkable degree. Dr. Cooper remarked that if the evidence had not been conclusive of its being a land snail, it surely would have been taken for a freshwater form.
Indeed, it happened that no less authority than Timothy A. Conrad was misled by this resemblance the following year when he described the Oregon fossil, ‘‘ Planorbis lunatus.’””
Ammonitella yatesii remains to this day one of the rarest of our good species of snails. So far as the available records show, it has, until now, been collected but once since its original discovery. This was by the veteran, Henry Hemphill, as might be expected. He went to the type locality especially for it and has given us an account of his experiences in the rare publication ‘“‘Zoe.’* Until he visited the region, it had been surmised that the species was a cave dweller. He collected considerable numbers of specimens at Cave City and at Murphy’s, six miles away. The original collec- tion of Yates contained but five specimens. James H. Ferriss has not recorded it from further south in the Sierra,‘ and it would be hard, considering his reputation, for us to believe he had missed it. S. N. Lowe® did good work both north and south of the known range of the species but failed to find it. For these reasons we are led to suspect that it is confined to the limited limestone and marble region in the eastern part of Calaveras County. And it seems likely that it is associated in some manner with the caves, although it does not actually live within them. There is also a cave at Murphy’s although Hemphill did not men- tion it.
1Am. Journ. Conch. Vol. IV, p. 209, 1869.
2The full synonymy of this species has been given in Univ. of Oregon Publ. Vol. 1, No. 6 August, 1920.
3Vol. III, p. 45, 1892.
‘Nautilus Vol. XXXI, p. 33, July, 1917.
tNautilus, Vol. XXX, p. 95 ,Dec. 1916.
Vor. XII) HANNA AND RIXFORD—NEW LAND SNAILS 45
Very uncertain has been the relationship of the species and genus as interpreted by various conchologists. Cooper thought it a distinct genus. Binney, however, did not consider it different from the European Gonostoma,® and stated that the animal was “as in Patula;” this would place it in the family Endodontidz as now recognized. Pilsbry7 placed it in Polygyrella (Helicidz) on dentition and shell characters while Hemphill thought it a “Helix.” Specimens in the University of California Collection are labeled “Anchistoma.’? Thus this species has been placed in at least five different genera in 50 years, a change, on the average, of once every 11 years. Much of this uncertainty has resulted from the remark- able form of the shell and the fact that the soft parts have been unknown.
Cave City is an old, abandoned mining camp. A single dilapi- dated shack and a concrete dam across the creek recall the activities of other days. It is 10 miles east of San Andreas, and some of the road leading there is very bad. Emmet Rixford, Jr., soon located the unmarked cave about a quarter of a mile up stream from the dam on the west bank of the north fork. It had once been prepared for exploitation but the walks and walls leading to it are brush and grass-grown, and its wooden door has rotted and collapsed. The entrance is narrow and could be easily over- looked. It enters a deposit of white marble and has brown stained stalagmites and stalactites from the beginning.
Our first search led us inside of the cave where we looked under the loose stones, boards and in the humus which is gathered on the floor. A few dead shells of Epiphragmophora mormonum were all that rewarded us. The ammonitellas were soon found, however, immediately outside of the entrance, under moss-laden stones. Here we found them alive and dead in abundance. Buckeye trees cast a dense shade over the place. The animals were not zsti- vating, yet all of them were retracted within their shells when found. We did not find any at a depth greater than one foot beneath the surface; 40 yards away from the cave they could not be located in the brief time at our disposal, although conditions there appeared equally favorable. In an hour the three of us secured 80 alive and 180 dead. E. mormonum was abundant with them but no other species was seen.
‘Man. Am. Ld. Shells, p. 113, 1885. 7™Man. Conch. Vol. IX, 2nd ser.. p. 80, 1894.
46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.
The finding of these animals alive gives a long-looked-for oppor- tunity to study the anatomy. Externally they are pale, trans- lucent-gray with dark bands dorsally where the optic retractor muscles show through. The skin has a delicate reticulation; pedal grooves are absent which definitely excludes the species from the Endodontide. The tail is acutely pointed and keeled in the median line above. No caudal mucous gland could be found. If the species were a cave dweller the eyes would be expected to be functionless or absent, but they appear normal in every respect. This is likewise true of the nerves which lead to them. The animal is very timid and retracts within its shell upon slight provocation.
The genitalia are of the usual type of American Helicidz of the Polygyra group, as shown by the accompanying figure. The vas deferens and hermaphroditic duct are entirely without convolu- tions. The spermatheca in the specimens examined, was located just beneath the heart; therefore, the duct was very long and slender.
Jaw widely arched and marked with transverse ribs. Three specimens examined had 15, 26 and about 35 respectively. Binney® has figured one with 13 ribs and states that the number is ‘‘about 12.” Such variation illustrates the little value which can ordi- narily be placed in the ribbing of this organ in the classification of species.
The mantle is marked by a series of black spots of uniform size which do not coalesce or join to form blotches as is usual in Poly- gyra; and they do not extend to the right as far as the intestine which is darkened by minute pigment specks.
The kidney is a triangular pouch at the upper end of the pallial cavity and the urethra bends back upon it from the outer point before it bends to the right to meet the intestine.
It thus becomes apparent that A. yatesii belongs to the Helicidee and the anatomy presents no such radical departure as the shell. There seem to be no anatomical reasons for considering the genus distinct unless it be in the attachment of the penis retractor muscle to the floor of the mantle cavity. The shell, however, differs so essentially from all others that we seem justified in considering it to belong to a distinct genus. Many groups have been separated upon much less definite grounds.
®Man. Am. Ld. Sh. p. 113, 1885.
Vor. XIT] HANNA AND RIXFORD—NEW LAND SNAILS 47
The affinities of the genus appear to be with Polygyrella as Pilsbry foresaw; and both genera are not distantly removed from the polygyras of the germana and loricata groups.
The enormous length of time the genus has been in existence is very remarkable. The fossil, A. /unata (Conrad), is abundant in the John Day Basin strata of central Oregon which are supposed to be of Oligocene age. That form differs little from A. yatesii; in fact, Stearns considered them so close that he made the fossil a subspecies (precursor), overlooking the fact that Conrad had previously named it. Whole families, even orders, of mammals have completely died out of the region in the meantime, yet our little land snail has barely changed specifically. Considerable speculation on the rate of evolution in the various groups of animals might well be prompted by a further careful comparison of such facts as these.
Polygyra penitens Hanna & Rixford, new species Plate IV, figures 1, 2, 3, and 8
Shell dark brown when alive, aperture with a violet tinge; a little more than five well-rounded whorls; spire about evenly rounded above and below; uppermost two or three whorls smooth, remainder, hirsute; hairs in rows which follow the growth lines and fairly evenly spaced so that they are also in irregular, diagonal rows; individual “hairs” are in reality flat, lammella-like projec- tions of epidermis; umbilicus very wide, contained only four times in greatest diameter of shell; apertural teeth three; all weakly developed for this group of Polygyra; palatal and basal, rounded tubercles; parietal somewhat lamellar but not curved as in many species of the genus; peristome reflected but not so abruptly as in the P. devius group.
Numerous specimens were found on the south bank of the south fork of American River near the hamlet, Mormon Island, Sacramento County, California. The locality is about 44 mile west of the road which leads north at that point and just before the wagon bridge is reached. It is 14% miles east of Folsom Peni- tentiary; this proximity suggested the name penitens. American River at this point is a swift, narrow, rocky stream and the snails were found living among rocks and plant debris on a dry but
48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rm Sze.
shady hillside. Epiphragmophora mormonum and E. tudiculata cypreophila were associated with them.
Diameter mm. Altitude mm. ( 3.5 Fig’d type 8.0 3.2 Fig’d paratype 8.0 3.5 Fig’d paratype
Type: No. 692 and two paratypes, No. 693, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci. Eighteen other specimens, No. 21,610, Systematic series, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci. Other specimens are in the Rixford Collection.
Type-locality: Mormon Island, Sacramento County, California.
This species is closer related to Polygyra roperi (Pilsbry)® than any other. That species is hirsute and has a wide umbilicus, but is less elevated (it was described as subdiscoidal), the whorls increase less rapidly in size, the constriction is less marked behind the aperture and the aperture is less oblique. The palatal tooth in penitens is rounded-tubercular, not quadrate as in ropert. The basal tooth is nearer the center of the basal margin in penitens, and the parietal tooth is not long and curved as in ropert. But the greatest difference between the two species lies in the character of the epidermis. P. roperi is truly hirsute, the projections being actual hairs, although short; in penitens they are flat and lamella- like.
The comparison of the species has been made possible through the courtesy of Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia where two specimens of the rare P. ropert are preserved. Both species appear to be related to Polygyra loricata; but that form does not have the very wide umbilicus and the hirsute epidermis is not so well developed.
Another species which bears a superficial resemblance to P. penitens is Polygyra harfordiana® (W. G. Binney). (Not Poly-
*Nautilus, Vol. III, p. 15, figs. 1889. Binney, 3rd suppl. etc. Bull XIX, Mus. Comp. Zool., p. 212, fig. 1890.
10Binney first used the name harfordiana with the genus Triodopsis. (Terr. Moll., Vol. V. Bull. IV, Mus. Com. Zool., p. 309 name only, no description, pl. VII, fig. R and text fig., 1878, Described in 2nd Suppl. to same, Bull. XIII, Mus. Comp. Zool., p. 37, pl. I, figs. 6, 7, 1886.) Cooper however, described his shell as De@dalochila harfordiana. (Am. Journ. Conch., Vol. V,p. 196, pl. XVII, fig. 8, 1869.) Since the two species were originally described under different genera, and are now considered to belong to different genera, Binney’s name appears to be the proper one. The rule ‘‘once a synonym always a synonym” can hardly apply in such an instance. Therefore, the substitute names for Binney’s species, Helix salmonensis Tryon (Man. Conch., Vol. III, 2nd ser., p. 146, 1887), and Helis commutanda Ancey (Conchologist's Exchange Vol. IT, p. 79, 1887) should be discarded.
Vor. X11) HANNA AND RIXFORD—NEW LAND SNAILS 49
gyrella harfordiana (J. G. Cooper.) That species is described in one place as being ‘sparsely hirsute’’ and on the following page, “scarred as if it had been hirsute.’’ The specimens were collected by Henry Hemphill on Salmon River, Idaho, and three labelled by him, ‘‘Original lot,” are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. These are not, properly speaking, hirsute; they are smooth and shining as many other forms of the Polygyra devius group, but they are slightly pitted on the surface. Moreover, although Binney gives the diameter and altitude of his Triodopsis harfordiana as “8” and ‘3’? mm. respectively, the smallest of the three specimens referred to measures 8.7 mm. by 4.4 mm. And, while the umbilicus is wide, it is not proportionately as wide as in roperi or penitens. In fact it appears from careful study that Polygyra harfordiana (W. G. B.) is a dwarfed variation of some member of the Polygyra devius group. All of these seem to have the peristome abruptly reflected and the palatal tooth, when present, not set within the aperture. The aperture, moreover, is almost, if not quite, in a plane when looked at toward the axis. In the Joricata group it is not in a plane and the palatal tooth is set slightly within the margin. Among typical members of the two groups there is great difference in size but this can be bridged in large series as Hemphill did when he discovered sanburni, harfor- diana, and some others.
Hemphill collected a series of specimens near Healdsburg, Sonoma County, California also, which he described under the name, “ Helix var. sonomaensis.’"* The type lot consists of five shells which now form No. 8041, of the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences. The original label calls it a subspecies of loricata. Hemphill’s generalized description hardly does justice to what appears to be a perfectly good species. He did not mention the characters which are so obvious through the micro- scope. The species has a wider umbilicus than is usual in Joricata, but it does not approach the deeply-reamed cavity of roperi or penittens.
The finding of some of the snails at Mormon Island alive enables us to figure the genitalia. In all essential respects the usual characters of the genus are exhibited. The jaw has 10 flat, faintly indicated, transverse ribs in the type specimen.
Trans. San Diego Society of Natural History, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 101, 1911.
50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
This makes the fourth species of the Joricata group. One is very widely distributed in northern California, but the other three are extremely localized. P. roperi was first found in 1889 at Redding, California, and has been found there once since and there only. The new species was found at the type locality only, in spite of a considerable amount of collecting which was done in various other portions of the Sierra foothills.
PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XII [HANNA AND RIXFORD] Plate 4
Srermatheca
gia retractor
muscle
Sperma- (heca,
Figs. 1, 2 and 3, Polygyra fenitens Hanna and Rixford, new species; Figs. 4, 5 and 6, Ammo- nitella yatesii Cooper; Fig. 7, jaw and genitalia of Ammonitella yatesiz; Fig. 8, jaw and genitalia of Polygyra penitens.
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CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourRTH SERIES
Vo. XII, No. 5, pp. 51-53, text. fig. 1 January 2, 1923
Vv
A NEW SPECIES OF CARYCHIUM FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
BY G. DALLAS HANNA Curator, Department of Invertebrate Paleontology
Union Bay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, is a coaling station where ships often call prior to a cruise to the northward. I happened to visit the place in this manner in April, 1916, and took advantage of the opportunity to collect some land snails in the heavy timber back of the settlement. Among other interesting species there was found a Carychium which does not appear to have been described.
Carychium magnificum Hanna, new species
Shell white or translucent; whorls five, gradually increasing in size to the last making the shape more decidedly conical than in any other North American species. Sutures deep; growth lines weak; delicate revolving striae in the type and most specimens. Aperture with the peristome reflected abruptly but without heavy callus on the inside; shorter and broader in proportion to altitude of shell than in exiguum. Parietal tooth near the columellar wall and forming outer termination of a high-revolving axial plait (shown in the paratype, which was broken open for the purpose). A low basal protuberance which also continues within the shell as an axial plait but it is lower than the preceeding. The axis is dissolved out of the upper three whorls. Altitude, 2.30 mm.; diameter, 1.13 mm. Bulk of shell fully twice as great as that of C. exile canadense which was found under the same log.
Type: No. 689 and paratype No. 690, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci. Fifty-nine paratypes No. 18,567, systematic series, Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci.
52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
Type-locality: Union Bay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
This species is undoubtedly closest related to C. occidentalis Pilsbry,! which was described from Portland, Oregon, and has been recorded from Seattle, Washington.? The shape of the two species is about the same and both are without thickening on the inside of the peristome. Measurements of C. occidentalis have not been published but the figures cited are upon a plate where other known North American forms appear. Presumably, all were drawn to the same scale. If so, there is no great difference between occidentalis and exiguum in size. This appears the more reasonable since no mention of a larger size is contained in the original description of the former. It was distinguished from
a
Fig. 1. Carychium magnificum Hanna, new species; a, type: No. 689; b, paratype: No. 690; Mus. Cal. Acad. Sci.
exiguum by a more distinctly conical shape, larger and more oblique aperture, and outer lip not thickened. The large size of C. magni- ficum is its most distinguishing feature but the spiral strie have not been seen in other species. C. exile canadense, which was found with it, is much narrower and a little shorter. It is larger than any previously known species. The two revolving axial plaits have been found in all species which were examined, but in C. magnificum they are higher than in the others. The dissolving
tNautilus, IV, 109, 1891. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1891, p. 318, pl. XIV, figs. 4, 5, 6. Nautilus, VIII, p. 63, figs. 4, 5, 6, 1894. 4Randolph, Nautilus, Vol. ID'S, p. 102, 1896.
Vor. XII] HANNA—NEW SPECIES OF CARYCHIUM 53
away of the axis in the upper three whorls seems to be a generic character. The differences in size are best shown in the form of a table as
follows: Altitude Diameter
mm. mm. Carychium magnificum..... 2.30 1.13 Type Carychium magnificum..... 2.50 1.4 Maximum Carychium exiguum ....... 7S .75 Average* Carychium exiguum........ Mails) .85 Maximum* Carychiumirexilessesen- ee cS .6 Large average* Carychium exile canadense.. 2.1 -19 Lypes*™ Carychium stygium........ 2.00 .85 Cotype* Carychium nannodes....... 1.4 .6 Type** Carychium occidentalis... .. eon .75? By inference.
*Clapp, Nautilus, Vol. XIX, p. 138-140, 7 VIII, figs. 1-10, 1906.
**Clapp, Nautilus, Vol. XIX, p- 91, pl. III, figs. 7, 8, 9, 1905. The subspecies, C. extle jamaicensts Pilsbry and C. exiguum mexicanum tpiksy, are ‘approximately the size of the species to which they were attached, if one may judge the figures correctly; measurements have not been published. The references cited for C. occidentalis apply to these as well.
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FourtH SERIES
Vor. XII, No. 6, pp. 55-72, map JUNE 2, 1923.
VI
Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921
General Account
BY
JosepH R. SLEVIN Assistant Curator of Herpetology
SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1923
3 . “ COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION GrorceE C. Epwarps, Chairman
C. E. GRuNsKY BARTON WARREN EvVERMANN, Editor
PROCEEDINGS Fourth Series
VOLUME VIII
Pages 1-25. I. In Memoriam: Theodore Henry Hittell. Plate 1. (Issued June 17, 1918). v2. ccs e ec ecee Brera WAG 2 eta earoate eae Pages 27-34. II. In Memoriam: Carl Fuchs. Plate 2. (Issued RUBE TRIE OTO) co 8 din hela e arer ape hey eles mean Stas oe se a ENS IC nee Pages 35-112. III. Some Japanese Aphidide. By E. O. Essig and S. I. Kuwana. Text figures 1-40. (Issued July 9, ror8).. Pages 113-156. IV. Geology of the Northern End of the Tampico Embayment Area. By E. T. Dumble. Plates 3-6. (Issued Tay eTO FOTO) cee Waa eae kee ta he Ua eee kis he ee Pages 157-179. V. The Kelp-Flies of North America. (Genus Fucellia, Family Anthomyide.) By J. M. Aldrich. Text fig- ures 1-10: (Issued September-16, 1918). 0. oe eee ccc teens Pages 181-270. VI. The Garter-Snakes of Western North America. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. Plates 7-17. Gissted-Octoberst 8? TOLS) bis. Gob uci Noe Oh weiss Races Saaeee Pages 271-308. VII. New Species of Hemiptera chiefly from Cali- fornia. By Edward P. Van Duzee. (Issued October 18, 1918)... Pages 309-351. VIII. Report of the President of the Academy for the year 1918. IX. Report of the Director of the Museum for the year 1918. (Issued June 16, 1919). Priceton the two reports f 2.24 og Aafeelk wae ovealgesialen mies create
VOLUME IX
Pages 1-36. I. Notes on West American Chitons—II. By S. Still- man Berry. Plates 1-8. (Issued June 16, 1010). ......2--eeee Pages 37-67. II. Life Zone Indicators in California. By Harvey Monroe Hall and Joseph Grinnell. (Issued June 16, 1919)..... Pages 69-121. III. Notes on Mammals collected principally in Washington and California between the years 1853 and 1874 by Dr. James Graham Cooper. By Walter P. Taylor. (Issued RUE T OCT OLO) airee ita as otek Sa cee TR Re OK aR hee CMU eed abt Pages 123-175. IV. Climatic Relations of the Tertiary and Quater- nary Faunas of the California Region. By James Perrin Smith. Pla teOun ti sshed July 2; POLO) scale os castes ck wna tee Sa e Pages 175-196. _V. Contribution to the Optics of the Microscope. By C. Ae Woodworth. Plate 10, 6 text figures. (Issued July PSE MOTO) ea tavciaveies aaseesstsiake a cle dio a sien eee acca ate aiede Oise atten Pages 197-220. WI. The Gopher-Snakes of Western North America. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. Plates 11-13.
CiGred A eu 27 BLOT) noe as aie ra a RS SS DI Rn ee Pages 221-255, VII. New Oregon Diptera. By F. R. Cole and A. L. Lovett. Plates 14-19. (Issued August 26, 1919)........-
Pages 257-270. VIII. Key to the North American Species of the Dipterous Genus Medeterus, with Descriptions of New Spccies. By Millard C. Van Duzee. (Issued August 26, I0TQ)........+- Pages 271-272. IX. Description of a New Fossil Fish from Japan, By David Starr Jordan. Plate 20. (Issued October 22, aay ee Pages 273-296. X. Notes on the Avifauna of the Inner Coast Range of California. By Joseph Mailliard. (Issued November 25, 1019) Pages 297-312. XI. New Species of Flies (Diptera) from Cali- fornia. By J. R. Malloch. (Jssued December 23, 1919)...+--. Pages 313-329. XII. Mechanism in the Production of the Throat- Fan in the Florida Chameleon, Anolis carolinensis. By Chas. E. von Geldern.. (Issued December 23, IQTQ)...2..++e0cescees: Pages 331-356. XIII. New Hemipterous Insects of the Genera
the year 1919. XV. Report of the Director of the Museum for the year 1919. (Issued August 4, 1920)...
$0.15
.15
335 25
225
40
45
40
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Vou. XII, No. 6, pp. 55-72, map June 2, 1923
VI
EXPEDITION OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES TO THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA IN 1921
GENERAL ACCOUNT
BY JOSEPH R. SLEVIN Assistant Curator of Herpetology
The California Academy of Sciences has long considered the Peninsula of Lower California and the adjacent islands as constituting one of its principal fields for exploration and research. Prior to the loss sustained by the fire of 1906 the Academy had large and valuable collections from that region. Efforts have been made to replace those collections and in 1919 field work was carried on in the “Cape Region” of Lower California, where considerable collections were obtained.
In 1921, the Academy was able to send an expedition to the Gulf of California. The purpose of this expedition was to make as comprehensive and thorough study of the fauna and flora of the islands in the Gulf, and of localities on the adjacent mainland, as time, funds, and weather conditions would permit. This would include, of course, the making of as extensive collections in the various groups as possible.
To enable this object to be accomplished, the Academy chartered the gasoline schooner Silver Gate, Capt. John Ross. The Silver Gate is 64.5 feet over all, 15 feet beam, 22 tons,
June 2, 1923
56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
capable of making eight knots, had a cruising radius of 2000 miles, and carried a crew of four men.
The personnel of the expedition was as follows: Joseph R. Slevin, assistant curator of herpetology, in charge; Edward P. Van Duzee, curator of entomology; Dr. Fred Baker of Point Loma, Calif., representing the department of paleon- tology; Virgil W. Owen of Los Angeles, representing the department of ornithology and mammalogy; Ivan M. John- ston of the University of California, representing the depart- ment of botany; Joseph C. Chamberlin of Stanford University, assistant to Mr. Van Duzee; Sefor Francisco Contreras and Senor Carlos Lopez of the Museo Nacional de Mexico, repre- senting that institution; and Capt. John Ross in command of the Silver Gate.
Messrs. Slevin and Chamberlin sailed from San Francisco for Guaymas on the motor ship Mazatlan, April 3. At San Pedro, Calif., they were joined by Messrs. Baker, Johnston and Owen, and arrived at Guaymas April 13, where they were joined by Mr. Van Duzee who had gone down from San Francisco by rail, and by Sefiors Contreras and Lopez. All reported on board the Silver Gate.* Stores and equipment were taken on board on the 14th and 15th, and at 4:40 P. M. of the 16th, departure was taken for San Carlos Bay, coast of Sonora, to anchor for the night, and to shorten the run to the first island to be visited. The real work of the expedition began on April 17, when a landing was made on San Pedro Nolasco, a small volcanic island about two miles long and three-fourths of a mile wide. The landing place is given as on the S. E. side but the high bluffs back of the beach at this point make it impossible to reach the top of the island. By cruising along the eastern shore, a place was found at the N. E. end, opposite a small canon, which is partly sheltered from the N. W. winds where a landing can be made only in fine weather.
Although a steep and rough climb, the top of the island may be reached from this point. A large colony of brown pelicans
*One of the most pleasant features of the expedition was the very cordial relations between the representatives of the Academy and the Mexican officials and others with whom the expedition came in contact. Senors Contreras and Lopez were always gracious and anxious to assist in making the work a success, as were the officials at the various places where landings were made. The grateful appreciation of the Academy of the many courtesies received is hereby expressed to all who so kindly contributed to the success of the expedition.
Vor. XIT) SLEVIN—EXPEDITION TO GULF OF CALIFORNIA 57
was found at the head of the cafion, and many large rock iguanas (Ctenosaura) were sunning themselves upon the tops of the large boulders. A day was spent here, the vessel lying off while the party was ashore.
Departure was taken early in the evening, and San Pedro Martir Island, a small triangular barren rock, was reached at daybreak next morning. The island is less than a mile in length and about 1000 feet in height. It was formerly a great sea-bird rookery but appears to have been long deserted, prob- ably due to the depredations of the guano hunters. Good anchorage is to be found opposite a high bluff on the east side, but the landing must be made on the south side where the rock slopes down to the water’s edge. The island is occasionally visited by fishermen and sealers. A party of the latter was found camped on the beach at the time of our visit.
After a day’s stop here, the expedition continued north- ward, and on April 19 anchored off a large valley on the east side of San Esteban Island. The country was extremely rough, and dry, and cut up into small washes and cafions not unlike some of the country in our own southern deserts. One is at once struck by the great number of immense chuckwallas (Sauromalus) on San Esteban scattered about in the cactus patches, and by the large rock iguanas (Ctenosaura) some- times seen sunning themselves on the tops of the giant cacti.
A stop of two days being made here, departure was taken for Isla Raza, a small low rocky island about three-fourths of a mile long, on which a landing was made on the morning of April 21. It was hoped to find here the eggs of Heermann’s gull. The birds were found by the thousands scattered over the island, but evidently the nesting season was not in full swing as only a few sets of eggs were found. The itinerary was changed here in order to make another visit at a little later date, and owing to the poorly protected anchorage from the strong N. W. winds blowing over the top of the island, a run was made four and a half miles to the northwest and anchor- age made under the lee of Isla Partida, which consists of two small peaks connected by a low isthmus, the whole being a little over a mile long and about half a mile wide. It affords good anchorage from both northerly and southerly winds. A rock slide was found on the eastern slope of the southern peak
58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
where many black petrels and least petrels were nesting, and which was inhabited by hundreds of bats.
During the night of April 22, the run to Tiburon Island was made and on the morning of April 23 the expedition arrived at Freshwater Bay where it was met by a hunting party of Seri Indians under their chief, Chickorito Romero. Tiburon is the hunting ground of the Seris who have long been looked upon as cannibals and a very warlike tribe, and we hear even today of the dangers and risks taken by landing on the island. However, stories about their can- nibalism are mere echoes of old legends and certainly have no foundation in fact. They are truly savage in their mode of life, and perhaps would be dangerous if intoxicated, but there is no danger in visiting the island, if a party is well armed and keep together. The Seris have their main camp at Las Cruces on the mainland and cross the narrow channel to the island in dugout canoes. They are very fleet of foot and are said to be able to run down a deer. ‘Their only shelter is a little wind break or mere semblance of hut made of brush, and their food consists of fish, turtles, pelicans and what deer they can shoot. We were informed, that, when possible, they cook their food, but are not a bit averse to eating it raw. On camping trips, water is carried in deer bladders. ‘The party met had two or three guns, and a few cartridges, and were very anxious to obtain more. We gave them presents of old clothes, fish hooks, hardtack, cigarettes and a can of water. In order to avoid their visiting the Silver Gate, a run was made to an anchorage under the lee of Patos Island, a small low island five miles off the north end of Tiburon. We re- mained at anchor till the evening of April 24, riding out a heavy N. W. wind, and late in the evening sailed for Tepoca Bay on the Sonoran coast which was reached early next morn- ing. A day’s stop was made here, and the expedition con- tinued along the low sandy coast on which it was found im- possible to land on account of the heavy N. W. winds till early in the afternoon of April 26 when Georges Island, the most northern point visited by the expedition, was reached. This island is a barren rock less than a mile in length and a little over 200 feet in height. It is the nesting site of thousands of sea birds, and on a little flat at the north end was found
Vor. XII] SLEVIN—EXPEDITION TO GULF OF CALIFORNIA 59
a very large colony of royal and elegant terns. Eggs were found in all stages of incubation. Other birds found nesting about the island were, red-billed tropic-bird, western gull, Heermann’s gull, Brewster’s booby and blue-footed booby. The island was at one time worked for guano.
On the evening of April 27, the Silver Gate started on the longest run of the cruise, across the Gulf to San Luis Island, a distance of 87 miles. On anchoring at San Luis in the morning, the wind was blowing so strong that it required two men to pull the skiff against it and sweeping around the cliffs, hurled great clouds of volcanic dust in the air. It was this that probably led to the rumors at various times that the island was in eruption. It is one of the most barren and rugged islands in the Gulf, covered with great streams of lava and volcanic ash. It was here that the largest colony of brown pelicans found on the trip was encountered, number- ing several thousand birds. Anchorage was made for the night in San Luis Gonzales Bay, owing to the high winds at San Luis Island. San Luis Gonzales Bay affords excellent anchorage, but the surrounding country is very dry, barren, and uninteresting.
The morning of April 30, the expedition reached Puerto Refugio at the north end of Angel de la Guardia Island, the largest in the Gulf. It affords excellent anchorage and is protected from all winds, being sheltered on the north and west by Mejia Island, on the east by Granite Island, and on the south by Angel de la Guardia. From this anchorage, Mejia, a small rough volcanic island cut up by steep rocky cafions and notable for the abundance of large black chuck- wallas (Sauromalus), was visited, as was also Granite Island, a small chain of granite peaks somewhat similar to Georges Island and the nesting site of a number of birds, notably brown pelicans, reddish egrets and ospreys. Angel de la Guardia, the third island visited, from here presented a very rugged appearance, and just to the southward of the bay rose several barren sharp ridges terminating in peaks some 2000 to 3000 feet in height. A large valley with several dry washes running into it extends across the island from east to west. The entire north end of the island is particularly barren and land birds are very scarce.
60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
On May 4, Isla Raza was visited a second time for the pur- pose of securing the eggs of Heermann’s gull which we failed to get on the first visit, April 21. Two Mexican sloops were found with parties ashore gathering the eggs for the markets of Santa Rosalia and Guaymas. The eggers go over the island twice a day, sweeping it clean, and it was with diffi- culty that a few complete sets were secured. It is hoped that the report of Sefor Contreras to the Mexican Government will help to put a stop to this practice and prevent the birds from being driven from their nesting grounds.
Angeles Bay on the Peninsula, the next anchorage made, was formerly the site of a small settlement belonging to the San Juan mine situated some distance in the interior. At the time of our visit, the tides were favorable for beaching the vessel so the opportunity was taken to put the Silver Gate on the beach to repair the rudder and paint the bottom, which operation required about two days. The vessel was also watered here from a small spring, yielding about 25 gallons per hour, which was situated about a quarter of a mile from the beach. The location of the spring is easily detected by a small grove of palm and cottonwood trees which can be seen some distance off shore. Angeles Bay affords excellent an- chorage with a fine sand bottom, but small boats may be troubled by the strong winds that sometimes blow off the surrounding mountains.
On May 7, Las Animas Bay was reached, where good anchorage was found and a much needed rest enjoyed by all hands after the stop at Angeles Bay. The bay was found to be very shallow, and has a long stretch of sand beach back of which are many rough ridges of lava and dry washes with dense mesquite thickets along the edges. A Mexican rancher, met here, informed us that mountain sheep were abundant in the interior, and showed several heads that he had hanging about an old corral.
Sal si Puedes, a small barren island about a mile long, was visited on May 9. No anchorage was found here, the vessel lying off a very dangerous coast owing to the many sunken rocks and many others just awash. A colony of brown peli- cans and a small colony of Heermann’s gulls were found breeding. At noon, departure was taken for South San Lor-
Vor. XII] SLEVIN—EXPEDITION TO GULF OF CALIFORNIA 61
enzo Island, and a couple of hours later, a landing was made on a long boulder beach on the west side. The island is about 12 miles long, steep and rugged, and the largest of the islands forming the east side of the Sal si Puedes Channel. Deep water is encountered close up to the beach, and good holding ground could not be found even with a kedge. The small canons opening on the beach were visited, the hillsides being very steep and rocky, and without vegetation except now and then a cactus. Late in the afternoon, the run to San Fran- cisquito Bay was made to anchor for the night.
San Francisquito Bay proved to be an excellent anchorage, the Silver Gate going into the little cove at the south end of the bay to anchor. Like most of the bays along the coast, the surrounding country was dry and barren. This country, how- ever, contained an unusual amount of bird life. Quail were very abundant, and the large number of small birds was very noticeable. Among them were verdins, cactus wrens, thrashers, hummingbirds and flycatchers. A few coyotes, and a great number of jackrabbits were seen.
Tortuga, visited on May 11, is the only one of all the islands having a well-formed crater which is some 200 feet deep and about a half a mile across. The island is a little over 1000 feet in height, quite rugged, and cut up by many fresh lava flows. It is famous about the Gulf for the large number of rattlesnakes on it. The expedition secured 17 in a day and a half, and a few others were seen but not captured. Four specimens were taken from a pile of débris, formed by the breaking down of an old osprey nest in a giant cactus. The waters about the island abounded in whales and they were continually passing the Silver Gate while she was at anchor, some coming as close as 20 or 30 yards. The anchor- age being poor, and subject to strong shifts of wind whirling around the island, it was necessary to run to San Marcos Island to anchor for the night.
San Marcos is a low barren island a little over five miles long, and is the site of a small tannery used to cure the hides of the cattle killed at Santa Rosalia. Water can be obtained by sinking wells, and at the south end, there are some prob- ably permanent pools of water in the small cafions where there
62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.
are a few groves of palms. In this vicinity, there are also extensive gypsum beds.
On May 13, departure was taken for Mulegé via South Santa Inez Island, a barren low island, less than a mile long, and only about 30 feet above high water. Several old graves were seen on top of the island, and, along the shores were the remains of old camps used by the pearl fishermen. The island is most desolate and uninteresting.
Mulegé, a picturesque little village situated about a mile in- land on the banks of the Rio Santa Rosalia and formerly the site of the Mission of Santa Rosalia de Mulegé, was reached early in the afternoon, the Silver Gate anchoring off the bar to await high water. The Captain of the Port came aboard and informed us that he had a direct wire from Mexico City to tender the expedition the courtesies of the port. The expedition was received here as well as at all other ports of entry with the utmost courtesy by the Mexican officials. A visit was paid to the old mission church, situated on a hill back of the town and commanding a magnificent view of the river and valley with its groves of palms and banana trees. The merchants of Mulegé are mostly Chinese and appear to be quite prosperous. Opportunity was taken here to get some necessary supplies and late in the afternoon of the 15th of May, the Silver Gate crossed the bar and anchored outside for the night.
At daybreak, the vessel was under way again bound for Ildefonso Island, but, on account of the heavy head wind and sea, put into San Nicolas Bay and anchored under the lee of Pt. Santa Antonita, a low rocky bluff some 15 feet high forming the southern point. A landing was made here, and about a mile back of the beach some of the most productive fossil beds encountered on the expedition were found. The low lands back of the beach extend well into the interior, and are covered with a heavy growth of cactus and mesquite. Land birds were fairly plentiful; verdins, cactus wrens, quail and gnatcatchers. The heavy winds continued well into the night, but calmed down towards daybreak when the run to Ildefonso Island was made. It was found to be a barren rocky island a little more than a mile in length and nearly 400 feet in height. On the west side was found quite a large
Vor. XIT] SLEVIN—EXPEDITION TO GULF OF CALIFORNIA 63
pelican colony and a small colony of Heermann’s gulls. Many frigate birds were flying about the north end, but no nesting sites were found. The vessel found anchorage with a kedge in 15 fathoms on the east side of the island, but the wind hauling to the southeast and kicking up a rough sea, the Silver Gate ran to the north end and took off the landing party, then making a rough passage across the channel, an- chored again under the lee of Pt. Santa Antonita.
Coronados, a rough volcanic island nearly two miles in length and about a mile and a half wide, was reached on the morning of May 18, and excellent protection from the south- east wind found under the lee of the long sandspit extending from the southwest end of the island. Although a small island, birds were very plentiful; flycatchers, hummingbirds, house finches, duck hawks, ravens and buzzards being noted. Nine species of reptiles were found on it. Owing to the excellent protection it affords from both northerly and southerly winds, Coronados is frequently visited by vessels sailing in the Gulf.
On the morning of May 19, the expedition arrived at the town of Loreto, the first capital and the site of the Mission of Loreto, the first in either of the Californias. It was founded by Padre Juan Maria Salvatierra, on October 25, 1679. Loreto is most intimately connected with the history of California, as it was the headquarters of all the missions, and it was from here that the Franciscan Padre Serra tra- versed the peninsula in a northwesterly direction, till he crossed the 32nd parallel, and on the feast of St. James, 1769, founded the Mission of San Diego, the first in Upper Cali- fornia. In the autumn of 1717, the town was destroyed by a great storm, but was rebuilt and always remained one of the principal towns in Lower California. The present stone church is in a fair state of preservation and dates from 1793. It is still in use, and at present in care of Padre José Negreta who is endeavoring to restore it. It had by far the most elaborate interior of any of the Missions of either Upper or Lower California, and still contains many of the old paintings and statues. Around the patio are the walls of the old col- lege which are in an excellent state of preservation. Loreto exports much of the bark of the Palo Blanco used in the tannery at La Paz.
64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
On the afternoon of May 20, the expedition proceeded to the west coast of Carmen Island and made the first stop at Puerto Ballandra, a little harbor on the northwest coast. It was found to be an excellent anchorage, the entrance between headlands being only a few hundred yards wide. It is fre- quently used by small boats from Loreto, which run over to take shelter in bad weather. Several species of reptiles were particularly abundant in this vicinity, and also many small birds were noticed, notably cardinals and verdins. This lo- cality is probably the best collecting ground on the island. May 23 was spent at Marquer Bay on the southwest coast where some rich fossil beds were found. The southern end of the island was found to be very dry and barren and cut up by innumerable small gullies. Having to anchor close to the beach on a lee shore, it was necessary to cross to the penin- sula and make anchorage for the night at Puerto Escondido.
Puerto Escondido, or hidden port, is a landlocked harbor offering perfect shelter from all winds, the entrance being about 70 feet wide. An excellent view of the Sierra Gigantas is had from the bay and many deep cafions with groves of palms are plainly visible. A flat some three miles long, and covered with a heavy growth of cactus and mesquite extends from the shore line to the foot of the Sierras.
Danzante Island was visited next morning, May 24. It is a small rugged island about three and a half miles long with precipitous sides, so it is only possible to land at the mouths of one or two little cafions that reach to the seacoast. All of the promising looking spots were gone over in a few hours, and departure was taken for Monserrate Island which was reached at 2 P. M. of the same day.
Monserrate Island is about four miles long and a little over 700 feet in height. Anchorage was made off the north end opposite a small sand beach. The island, at this point, was found to be extremely barren and cut up by small dry washes with walls of lava on each side. Reptiles and birds were fairly plentiful. Among the latter, verdins, flycatchers, and gnatcatchers were quite common. At noon we moved around to the south end of the island and found collecting very much worse. Some pearl oyster shells were taken by diving from the skiff close in to the beach.
Vor. XII] SLEVIN—EXPEDITION TO GULF OF CALIFORNIA 65
The wind, shifting early in the afternoon, put the vessel on a lee shore which necessitated moving over to Agua Verde Bay on the peninsula. The anchorage was reached late in the afternoon and, on entering the bay, the vessel passed close to Solitaria Rock, a large pinnacle 115 feet high with an osprey’s nest on the tip of it. There is a small cattle ranch at the south end of the bay where freshwater and wood may be obtained. Advantage was taken of this, and the vessel watered and a load of wood taken on for the galley. Back of the beach is much level country covered with a heavy growth of mesquite and cactus. Among the numerous cactus thickets doves, quail, and jackrabbits were very abundant and extremely tame.
Having taken on all the wood and water possible, the vessel proceeded to Santa Cruz Island and a landing was made on the morning of May 27. Santa Cruz Island is a steep granite ridge about 1500 feet high and four miles long. It is possible in fine weather to land at one or two places on the west side. At the southwest end there is a small beach with a sunken ridge extending towards the south- west on which anchorage may be made with a kedge, pro- viding the wind is light. Two of the largest canons were visited from this landing. They proved to be very barren and practically without bird life. The usual giant cacti were present, and an abundance of lizards (Sator angustus). At noon, a strong southeast wind coming up, the vessel was no longer able to hold on with the kedge, so the landing party was called off, and the vessel proceeded to San Diego Island where good protection is found from the southeast winds. San Diego was found to be about the same as Santa Cruz only a little smaller and not quite so rugged. It is about a mile in length and a little over 700 feet in height.
On May 28, Salinas Bay, on the west coast of San José Island, was visited. The vicinity of the anchorage presented a series of low hills densely covered with brush. On going ashore the country was found to be just as it appeared and burro trails had to be followed in places in order to make any progress through the brush. Many deer signs were seen as well as one or two animals. A great many land birds were seen here; cardinals, doves, and hummingbirds were abun-
66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.
dant, and woodpeckers particularly so. A stop at Amortajada Bay occupied another day and on May 30, San Francisco Island was visited.
San Francisco Island, although a small one, contains quite a large fauna. Ravens, vultures and frigate birds were abun- dant and a few smali land birds were seen. In the low bushes skirting the back of the sand beach were many woodrat nests. Three or four species of lizards were also found.
On May 30, Espiritu Santo Island, which forms the east shore of La Paz Bay, was reached, and anchorage made at Isla Partida, the northern portion of the island which is sep- arated from Espiritu Santo proper by a narrow boat channel. The island from the sea presents the appearance of a large tableland with many small peaks scattered about it. It is strictly volcanic and very rough. The anchorage at Isla Partida is well sheltered, but very shallow, making it neces- sary to anchor two or three hundred yards off the sand beach. Back of this beach, a deep cafion extends towards the interior. A well has been sunk at the mouth of it, where fishermen obtain water of a somewhat doubtful quality. Domestic goats run wild over the island. San Gabriel Bay, on Espiritu Santo proper, was once the site of a station for raising pearl oysters, but the settlement was unfortunately destroyed during the revolution and no attempt was ever made to rebuild it.
On June 2, the Silver Gate dropped anchor off La Paz, the principal port of the Peninsula of Lower California, and capital of the southern district. Next day, the vessel loaded supplies and fuel which had been in storage awaiting the arrival of the expedition. La Paz is a typical Mexican town of some 4000 inhabitants. Its principal exports are hides, ‘fruits, and pearls. It has long been famous as one of the greatest ports in the world for its pearl fisheries.
On the evening of June 5, all supplies and fuel being on board, the Silver Gate moved down the coast and anchored opposite Ceralbo Island. The run across the San Lorenzo Channel was made at daybreak, and on the morning of June 6 anchorage was made off Gordas Point, the southernmost locality visited by the expedition.
Ceralbo is a high, barren, mountain ridge some 15 miles in length covered with a dense growth of brush and cactus. It
Vor. XITJ SLEVIN—EXPEDITION TO GULF OF CALIFORNIA 67
reaches a height of nearly 2500 feet. Sefior Antonio Ruffo has a small cattle ranch on the island, but, on account of the lack of suitable feed, the animals fare poorly. Freshwater is obtained from wells at the ranchhouse about four miles north of Gordas Point. About two and a half days were spent working along the west coast, and, at noon on June 8, the start northward was made.
According to a previously arranged schedule, all the islands possible were to be visited on the way south, and on the north- ern trip, the most profitable collecting grounds were to be worked together with such new ones as time would permit. Santa Catalina was the only island missed on the run south, and this one on account of shortage of fuel. After having bucked head winds continuously since leaving Guaymas, it was deemed advisable to conserve fuel and visit the island on the run north. This was done on June 12, when the Silver Gate anchored off the southwest end.
Santa Catalina being well off shore, and out of the track of vessels, is probably seldom visited. The island is about seven miles long and 1500 feet in height, very rough, and covered with a dense growth of brush and cactus. In the small valley opposite the anchorage, land shells were found in greater abundance than at any other place visited by the expe- dition. Land birds were also fairly abundant. The wind, hauling to the westward early in the afternoon, put the vessel on a lee shore, so a run was made to Monserrate Island where better anchorage could be found.
June 14 found the Silver Gate again at anchor in the little harbor of Puerto Escondido. Two members of the expe- dition made a trip into the Sierra Gigantas, exploring a large cafion visible from the anchorage and reported finding plenty of excellent freshwater and several large groves of palm trees.
On the morning of the 15th, the expedition was again under way and, after a short stop at Danzante, the Silver Gate rounded the southern end of Carmen Island and, cruising up the east coast, anchored at Agua Grande, five miles south of Salinas Bay. About half a mile up the cafon from the anchorage is an excellent spring of freshwater. A small reservoir has been constructed to hold the water which is piped to the coast. It is taken by boat to the settlement at
68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 47H Ser.
Salinas Bay, as freshwater cannot be obtained there. In the evening the Silver Gate shifted her berth and anchored off the settlement.
Carmen Island is probably the best known of all the islands in the Gulf on account of its extensive salt deposits. An im- mense lake of remarkably pure salt extends over a mile inland and is entirely shut off from the waters of the Gulf. These salt beds have been known and worked for years. As far back as 1717, Father Juan Maria Salvatierra petitioned the King of Spain for permission to work the salt beds, saying: “There is enough salt to supply the whole world.” At the present date, the concession is in the hands of an English company.
On the morning of June 17, the expedition arrived at Guadalupe Point, Concepcion Bay. Collecting being poor, a run down the east side of the bay was made. Early in the afternoon, the wind and sea became so strong it was neces- sary to run under the lee of San Ignacio and drop anchor. All hands remained on board. Next morning, the vessel made a run across to the west side and dropped anchor in Coyote Bay. Owing to lack of time only short stops were now being made and departure was taken early in the morning for San Marcos Island which was visited for the second time.
On the afternoon of June 20, the expedition arrived at Santa Rosalia, the capital of the northern district of Lower California, and the site of one of the world’s largest copper mines. The port shows the work of foreign capital and a fine breakwater made of slag from the smelter has been con- structed, giving excellent shelter from the storms that some- times sweep the Gulf. The members of the expedition were entertained by the Mexican and French officials, and were taken on a tour of the mines. There are now over 80 miles of tunnels some of which run 33 feet below sea level. The port regulations, prohibiting vessels leaving between sunset and sunrise, were very kindly waived by the officials in order to facilitate the movements of the expedition, and, at 4 A. M. on June 22, the Silver Gate weighed anchor and proceeded to Tortuga Island where a second stop of one day was made.
Continuing northward, stops were made at San Francis- quito Bay on June 23, North and South San Lorenzo Islands
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on June 24, and Isla Partida on June 25. The eggs of the least petrel were again collected and found in all stages of incubation.
Angeles Bay was visited for the second time on June 25 and a stop of two days was made. During this stop, all hands watered ship, and, on the morning of June 28, the Silver Gate headed up Ballenas Channel, cruising along the west coast of Angel de la Guardia Island. It was the intention to make a landing at Humbug Bay, but a heavy wind and sea sweep- ing down the channel prevented this, so the course was set for Puerto Refugio, which was reached shortly after noon.
On the morning of June 30, a cruise along the east side of Angel de la Guardia was made, but again heavy winds pre- vented a landing, and about noon the vessel anchored under the lee of Pond Island at the southern end of Angel de la Guardia. The southeast end of Angel de la Guardia was visited from this anchorage, and an effort made to discover any signs of the supposed ancient ruins said to be on the island. Not the least signs of any were found. From some of the higher elevations, several large valleys extending some miles inland, and cut up by the characteristic dry washes of the desert, were seen. Considerably more vegetation was found here than at the northern end.
At 4 A. M. on July 2, departure was taken for Tiburon Island, but on account of the heavy southeast wind and sea, the vessel ran under the lee of Isla Partida and came to anchor. All hands remained on board waiting for the weather to moderate. The wind and sea going down somewhat early in the afternoon, the run to Tiburon was continued, and after a rough passage, anchorage was made off the southwest end of the island about three miles north of Willard’s Point. A landing party went ashore early next morning working to- wards the interior. Many deer trails and beds under the mesquite trees were seen and also several animals. The large antelope jack rabbit was quite common. Signs of old Indian camps were seen but no Indians were met at this end of the island. Next morning the vessel moved around to the south- east end. The country was found to be very similar to that just left and plenty of deer signs were found. The animals
70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER.
are probably quite abundant, although hunted by the Seri Indians, some of whom now possess firearms.
In the afternoon of July 5, the run to Pelican Island, a small island three miles off Kino Point on the coast of Sonora, was made. As the vessel approached the island, hundreds of frigate birds were seen hovering over it, and the sand spit extending from the west end, was literally covered with peli- cans. The island is practically destitute of vegetation and is nothing more than a bird rookery. The heavy swell running made the anchorage poor, so the vessel’s berth was shifted and anchorage made under the lee of Kino Point.
At 4 A. M. on July 6, anchor was weighed, and a course set for Ensenada Grande, 60 miles to the southward, which, on account of a heavy head wind and sea, was not reached till4 P.M. As the Silver Gate rounded the northern point of the bay, several groves of palms as well as many single trees were seen scattered about the high bluffs. A day’s stop was made here, and the Silver Gate was again headed south and a course set for San Carlos Bay, a two hours’ run.
San Carlos is a small landlocked harbor about 10 miles to the westward of Guaymas, and affords excellent anchorage as it is protected from all winds. Two days were spent here, packing up the various collections for shipment and prepar- ing for the return to Guaymas. At 6 A. M. on July 10, the expedition left San Carlos Bay, arriving at Guaymas at 10:15 A. M., after spending 87 days in the field and making a cruise of 1811 miles.
Vor. XII] SLEVIN—EXPEDITION TO GULF OF CALIFORNIA 7/\
LOCALITIES VISITED
Coast of Sonora
Guaymasyl cere oc ednaeek aa ne one April 13-16 July 10-11-12-13 San’ Carlos Bayar osencke cicencos soins April 16 June 7-8-9-10
San Pedro Bay (Ensenada Grande)..July 6-7
Kino} Points erase manacemeunlesmonecwe July 5
MEepOca’. BAY si.,cicers cris «aisle ca diesisiciesieiecs April 25
Peninsula of Lower California
San Luis Gonzales Bay.............. April 28-29 Angelest Bayern cccesc cine cnatee ace May 4-5-6-7 June 26-27 EASPANIIMaG Day cre eiiccieciee aren eeie May 7-8 Sanphrancisquitombayics-cersececner May 9-10 June 23 Santateleresal Baynes o-<cie st cleectne May 10 Santal Rosalia: 23... cece saree June 20-21 Maile gees iaeer ccc aatoaesinca tee ee aes May 13-14-15 Guadalupe Point (Concepcion Bay)..June 17 Coyote Bay ss “ ,.June 18 Point Santa Antonita (San Nicolas
Batys)) vatsiaysrteietuesttio crn sidiowteccceloara ce we May 16-17 Woretalsneaassrrieer oe cee eietetnerton ara May 19-20 PtlertOmEScOngido-e ee eieeemceere etn May 23 June 13-14 A\pabey, ORGS BEM oocsscaadeocechadear May 25-26 Sani yaristossseenicn ons ce cei June 10 Ca RAZ eer tet trariareis seis ecav stein eae June 2-3-4-5
Islands in the Gulf of California
Sanbeedro, Nolascomseeeeeconenceae. April 17
Sanmedrom Mantra yearns anaes April 18
San; (Estebanssa somes none eseocctisines April 19-20
Tiburon Breshwater Bayjanseorenineteeieate April 23 Wallardis@Pointacracceerisic ser scien July 3 Monumentsbointeossceeececiees July 4 2 miles north of Monument Point..July 5
Patosaacmeec eh ca Some esses carkasee April 23-24
Georges) creisccatennemine sare ros esis April 26-27
Sanweleuis cers -fossper sec tes cise oe eel rneaye April 28
Mie} ial arora feintsrnts ie saroe niin ceisiniele sieves April 30 June 28
Granite) ca coansis eres sisi=cisicieisre seteetets May 2
Angel de la Guardia PiertowRefugiose.secccseeeceesne April 30 May 1 June 28-29 Lagoon E. central coast............ May 2 Palm Cation aj yee hie een May 3 PondelslandeBayperereeaet ence cee June 30 July 1
Smithsine ace se ee oer oare see June 27
TslaPartidasss seeps ee erie oe ent April 21-22 May 3 June 24-25
(sla Raza. oS atic serorertetiverws arenes April 21 May 4
72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc, 4TH SER.
Sal si (Ped 655.0. co: volaciee elevsiareseere May 9 Northesanuleorenzomereenee se feresteeeiaiets June 24 South SantWorenZzomeee eer letersi May 9 June 4 AR qilEl SopaboodacenoDDoanannaocadKe May 11 June 22 San Marcos Vicinity. of Tannery... -)-.0--1-- May 12 June 20 Southwests pointes (icc teleeteeit=ate June 19 South) Santavlnezs acters tcieer May 13 TIE LOMSO! SNaseesncerarera ic levanetoeasie ter aiersusieas May 17 (GoyornkGles snooducoopoondoodeonsoded May 18 Carmen Puerto ep ellandraseereee terete May 20-21-22 Manquer) Bayemccinacactectoaceerelerer: May 23 Agia: (Grandes. cj ceeronlscerieclee rieters June 15 Salinas) Bay eric << cmiemlelecversenveless June 15-16 Danzanter sitesi aussie noose May 24 June 15 Monserrate INiortlay tend is)e:..2.(scs.asovere etete chetereteierorerors May 25 June 13 Southtend!ssio:.: Gees Oteenene May 25 Santa! (Gatalinal sé <.<iis oterearstscolersteransistersse June 12 Santa Griz )oii vs. wversisiatocejaye wicielorivinier tole May 27 June 11 Sat! (Die gO iajeniraaalbtetnas eteatinsntabae ste May 27 June 11 San José (San Josef) Wicinity,or Salt Bedseencenicicicent: May 27 June 10 Amonrtajadas bays. -taeie venience May 28-29 Sani branciscomecr elem aaicicishevereleeicrereiass May 30 Isla Partida (Espiritu Santo)........ May 30-31 Espiritu Santo El Candeleron in. ciaccose sisisorstebaersrstors June 8-9 San: Gabriel! Bayricmms isms lic cries June 1 Ceralbo (Gordasy Pointeaseccee see eeeer ern June 6-7 Rufos Ranches acne ceeensrees June 7 PleMostradonvacrie ceremonies June 8 Las Galleras (East and West)....... June 13 Balleriavc ccc ciacnyse oan sce cece aries June 9 Bond) eae is. stetaveie cscs gi cyayerare ore bas erteeanernes July 1
; Duca in Rie” fries agi
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ie
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* d the Pnited States | ry between Mexico and the J! ——
Freshwater Ba 105 Coronados "8 Bullandro be
Wards Pec al Willa; Fes
ANGEL DE LA r Monu’ GUARDIA'T- TIBURON I.
Isla Partida I,
Salinas Point 23
Amortajada Bay
°
C.Sn.Quintin
SAN JOSEF I, ESPIRITU SANTO TI.
FSanbuis J.
SanLuisGonzales Bery|
Angel do la Ss , El Mostrador
Rutfo Rancho — Gonlas Point
CERALBO I.
San FrancisgaitoBay Santa Terese Day
SONORA.
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CALIFORN IT Amos
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Ne Pt,Santa Antonito.
\ \NCALIFORNIA
guo-Varda Bay
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Ngee BAY \ f } rt itu| Santo T.
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GULF or CALIFORNIA
SHOWING ROUTE OF CALIFORNIA
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES I!921 EXPEDITION
Based on Charts No.620,€&1, 1006 US. Hydrographic Office
Drawwhy CDoltasHanna
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourtH SERIES
Vot. XII, No. 7, pp. 73-103 JUNE 2, 1923
Vil
EXPEDITION OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES TO THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA IN 1921?
THE BEES (1)
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL University of Colorado
The bees recorded below were collected by Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, and are remarkable for their excellent condition and scientific interest. The types are in the California Academy of Sciences where they may be compared with those of Fox from the same region.
ANTHOPHORIDE
Mr. Wm. J. Fox published three reports on the bees of Lower California and adjacent regions (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vols. IV (1893-1894) and V (1895). The Antho- phoride there recorded are:
Melissodes suffusa Cresson. San José del Cabo, Mesa Verde.
Melissodes 4 spp. indet. Some doubtfully referred to M. menuacha Cresson.
*Diadasia diminuta Cresson (apacha Cresson). San Julio, San Esteban, San José de Gracias. —
Diadasia enavata Cresson. Comondu. > Oe nian "Stitg > Anthophora maculifrons Cresson. San José del Cabo. Serre “a, Anthophora sp. (aff. urbana). San Esteban. ?
Anthophora sp. (aff. exigua). San José del Cabo. Ny NEC 7 = 1923 x¢ yy)
1A map showing the islands, etc., visited by this Expedition will be found in Vol. XII, No. 6, of these Proceedings, copies of which can be had at nominal cost.
a
“ | fale Pn June 2, 19237 7/4» 1 Mus
a
74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
Anthophora capistrata Cresson. El Taste.
Centris lanosa Cresson. San José del Cabo, Calmalli Mines, Calamujuet. Also Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
Centris n. sp. San José del Cabo.
*Centris eiseniti Fox. Guaymas.
Xenoglossa mustelina (Fox). Described as Centris. San José del Cabo. Later erroneously referred to X. fulva Smith.
*Exomalopsis pulchella Cresson. San José del Cabo.
Ancylosceles toluca (Cresson). San José del Cabo.
The material examined by Mr. Fox was partly in bad condition, rendering some of the determinations difficult or uncertain. The species marked with an asterisk are also in the present collection.
Including all the species, we have 11 which are identical with those of the Southwestern United States, 5 subspecies of species of Southwestern States, 10 distinct species allied to those of S. W. States, 5 species (Exomalopsis, Ancylosceles, Centris eisentt) of tropical affinities, and two isolated species with no close relatives known.
Intensive collecting in this region will undoubtedly yield results of great scientific interest. Some of the questions to be answered are:
(1.) What is the relation of the bees to the peculiar flora of the gulf region? Probably many are oligotropic, more or less restricted to particular genera or species. To what extent are their peculiarities adaptive?
(2.) There is evidence that factor-mutations occur, giving rise to distinct races, differing in eye-color, etc. Do such mutations occur at random? And how do they become established as racial or specific characters?
(3.) What evidence is there of particular trends of varia- tion, in response to climatic conditions ?
(4.) Are there any precinctive species or varieties on the different islands? The records suggest an affirmative answer, but more collecting may show that all the insular forms also occur on the main land.
(5.) What are the natural enemies of these bees?
(6.) The nesting habits and larve are unknown.
Vor. XII] COCKERELL—THE BEES 75
Centris Fabricius 1. Centris eisenii Fox
Guaymas, April 11.
2. Centris rhodopus (Cockerell )
Guaymas, April 11, ¢ 9; Tiburon Island, April 23, ¢; Angeles Bay, May 7, 6, June 27, 3, June 26, 2? ; Tortuga Island, May 11, @ ; Escondido Bay, May 24, ? ; San Carlos Bay, July 8, @.
3. Centris atripes Mocsary
Guaymas, April 11, ¢ ; I have expressed the opinion that C. foxt Friese is a synonym, but it differs in the color of the flagellum (“‘testaceous beneath from apex of first joint”), and is probably a valid species, or at least a distinct race.
4. Centris vanduzeei Cockerell, new species
Female (type): Length about 13.5 mm., anterior wing 10.4 mm.; robust, black, including face, mandibles and antennze; mandibles quad- ridentate, the two inner teeth much smaller than the others, and on a different plane; eyes brown; face and front polished and shining, the clypeus polished and impunctate in middle; front rather broad, but distance from anterior ocellus to apex of clypeus greater than width of front; labrum with brownish hair; cheeks, occiput and region of an- tennz with white hairs, vertex with pale fulvous; third antennal joint very long, about as long as the next five together; thorax densely hairy, the hair pale fulvous above, otherwise white, pale reddish in middle of sternal region; tegulze subpiceous; wings dusky hyaline, nervures fus- cous; legs black, with pale hairs, long and white on anterior femora beneath; anterior tarsi with dense reddish (almost coppery) hair, and long pale reddish hairs posteriorly; apical part of middle tibie and whole of basitarsi with red hairs; hind tibiz and basitarsi with a large light red scopa, the basitarsi very broadly and squarely truncate at apex, with a very long and even comb; small joints of tarsi red; ab- domen thinly covered with erect white hairs, not hiding the surface, but with distinct white hair-bands on apices of segments; apex with bright orange-fulvous hair.
Male: Length about 15 mm.; clypeus, mandibles and antenne black as in female; eyes reddish, very large, strongly converging above; wings clearer; hind femora very robust, covered with dull white hair, their tibiz and tarsi relatively slender; hind spurs bright ferruginous, the inner curved and much longer than the outer; hind basitarsi ob- liquely truncate at end, with a comb; posterior half of tegule pale. The only male is denuded of pubescence.
76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.
San José Island (type locality), May 28, 1921 (E. P. Van Duzee), 12, 1¢. Also 3 females from Monserrate Island, May 25 (Van Duzee). All the females have collected ex- tremely bright orange pollen on their hind legs, possibly from one of the Solanacez.
A very distinct species, somewhat like C. hoffmannseggie Ckll., but easily separated by the black face in both sexes, and other characters.
Type: Female, No. 931, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, May 28, 1921, on San José Island, Gulf of California.
5. Centris rhodoleuca Cockerell, new species
Male: Length about 14 mm.; anterior wing 11.2 mm.; head and thorax black, the clypeus, labrum, greater part of mandibles, scape in front, and a line along anterior orbits from level of antenne down (broadening below) all very bright yellow; legs ferruginous; abdomen with first two segments and base of third suffusedly ferruginous, the rest black, except that hind margins of segments are broadly pallid; head and thorax with abundant shaggy white hair, but clypeus nude; legs with some white hair, long and abundant on hind legs; abdomen with abundant, erect white hair, except on second segment which is only hairy apically; mandibles slender, quadridentate, the apical teeth long and slender, the others short and triangular, the third much larger than second or fourth; eyes ferruginous; scape above and third antennal joint ferruginous, third joint short, hardly so long as next two together; orbits parallel; front rather broad, but not as broad as distance from anterior ocellus to lower margin of clypeus; tegule reddish testaceous, darkened basally; wings hyaline, nervures dark fuscous; basal nervure falling far short of transverse median; spurs red.
A beautiful and interesting species, related to C. morset Ckll., but with narrower face, red legs and other differences.
Type: Male, No. 932, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by EF. P. Van Duzee, July 3, 1921, at Willard’s Point Bay, Tiburon Island, Gulf of California.
6. Centris cockerelli resoluta Cockerell, new subspecies
Female: (Type) Similar to cockerelli Fox from New Mexico, but clypeus and labrum apricot-color or reddish orange instead of pale yellow; hind knee plate with a bright red mark; under side of thorax with brownish gray hairs (it is not entirely pale in typical cockerelli) ; eyes dark brown.
Vor. XII) COCKERELL—THE BEES 77
Male: Resembles C. atripes Mocs. (the male of cockerelli is not known), but the front is narrower, the eyes more prominent above, a strong depression or channel laterad of lateral ocelli, and space between eyes and orbits entirely biack.
In the tables of Fox the female runs nearest to cockerelli and the male (which has entirely pale hair on the thorax be- neath) to /anosa Cresson. The eyes are quite differently colored from those of Janosa. The clypeus in one La Paz male is clear yellow, in the other reddened, apparently by cyanide.
Type: Female, No. 933, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, June 3, 1921, at La Paz, Lower California. Another female obtained by Mr. Van Duzee May 5, 1921, at Angeles Bay.
7. Centris cockerelli Fox, variety B
Female: Similar to the La Paz form, but eyes (in dead specimens) pale greenish gray instead of brown. Hair of thorax grayish-brown beneath.
This is intermediate between the cockerelli of New Mexico and the resoluta form, and is the form of cockerelli which Dr. Davidson took in southern California.
Generally speaking, differences in eye-color in the same sex in anthophorid bees are indicative of distinct species; but in one case at least (Anthophora portere thalassina Ckll. 1920), the difference can only be regarded as varietal. Un- fortunately the dried specimens do not show the colors so clearly as the fresh insects. In Centris species seem to be modified by a series of factorial mutations, as in Drosophila, and it requires biological observations in difficult cases to de- termine whether the segregates are behaving as distinct species, or are still capable of inbreeding, with Mendelian results. It is quite possible that such segregates, when isolated, may remain constant and have the aspect of distinct species, but may freely cross when the ranges of two overlap. Thus it might be necessary to collect a form in all parts of its range in order to determine its exact status.
Two specimen collected by E. P. Van Duzee, April 11, 1921, at Guaymas.
73 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4rH Ser.
8. Centris pallida callognatha Cockerell, new subspecies
Female: Looks exactly like C. pallida Fox from Arizona, except that the hair on thorax above is redder; the clypeus, however, has only a minute pyriform yellow mark, the face is rather broader, the mandi- bles have a larger bright red patch externally just before the apex, the eyes appear to have been sea-green in life, and the pygidial plate is conspicuously broader.
Type: Female, No. 934, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, April 11, 1921, at Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico.
9. Centris tiburonensis Cockerell, new species
Female: Length about 14 mm., anterior wing 9 mm.; very close to pallida Fox, of which it at first sight appears to be a small example, but the wings are unusually short, the clypeus is entirely black, the abdomen is without the distinct yellowish tint on basal half, and the fifth seg- ment, instead of having a broad apical dark band, is suffusedly black- ened over the greater part, leaving the laterobasal areas pallid. The mandibles have no red subapical patch; the antenne are entirely black. In C. pallida callognatha there is a rather distinct band of fulvous hair across the front, below the ocelli; this is wanting in tibwronensis, which has the hair of the front white, but that of the vertex pale fulvous-tinted.
Type: Female, No. 935, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, April 23, 1921, at Freshwater Bay, Tiburon Island, Gulf of California.
10. Centris trichosoma Cockerell, new species
Male: Length about 14 mm., but appearing less bulky than C. rhodo- leuca; black, including antenne and legs (tarsi dusky reddish apically) ; clypeus bright yellow; labrum yellow, densely covered with white hair; mandibles with a large yellow area on either side; insect densely covered with white pubescence, on thorax above pale yellowish. Eyes reddish brown or greenish, strongly converging above, the front narrow; mandibles tridentate; third antennal joint long and slender; hind tibize and basitarsi with long white hairs. Very close to C. hoffmannseggie Ckll., and possibly to be considered a race of that species, but easily distinguished by the bright lemon-yellow clypeus, the color of the eyes and the upper border of the mandibles black. The Californian form, C. hoffmannseggie davidsoni Ckll., equally differs in the clypeus and mandibles; its mandibles are black with a broad cream-colored stripe along upper border.
Type: Male, No. 936, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee at Angeles Bay, Lower California. Another
Vor. XIT] COCKERELL—THE BEES 79
male was taken at Freshwater Bay, Tiburon Island, April 7a), SVAN The above species of Centris may be separated as follows:
Abdomen with broad yellow tegumentary bands.......... eisent Fox. Abdomen withoutsyellows bands er-macrridae cierieleeictereriniaaccieiemercileene 1 1. Clypeus black (or with a minute yellow spot)..............22-00: 2 Glypeus syellowmor! sedis rer-lste cise fetes eso ohare(aforeieeercyaiovers eierkeveversiovere 5 2. Hind tibie (except base) and tarsi with black hair............. 3 Fund stibieesandstarsiawithphatminot black:.ye.j-)cicicicieiereeicleretererctelev= 4
3. Larger, mandibles with a bright red patch below apex..........
abe Reese Yat eotae ces) siavars fo salah ein at Sroveuayaserarers ye pallida callognatha Ckll. 2
Smaller, mandibles with no such red patch...tiburonensis Ckll. 9
4. Eyes converging above, orbits close to lateral ocelli.............. ars patalalevavetsneTars arate ate teveis tage lckas<fo ase cvarereismsteveiersints terse vanduzeet Ckll. g Eyes not converging above, orbits not close to lateral ocelli......
fe eeeyeecofer ster Re tacche ts rstevecte Sicteyeeteye eres ieee tomerer tet Avosoeee vanduzeet Ckll. 2
5. Abdomen covered with gray or whitish pile; clypeus yellow..... 6 Abdomen nearly or quite bare of pale hair, except basally, so appearing ablack: 3s ceacrrtrervereretociate Caer tee cose ne etnnra lore civicloerers 7 6: -Brontibroadslegsanediancsciessenieceioe cite seis rhodoleuca Ckll. $ Bront narrows legsiblackaaeimeneer aera er trichosoma Ckll. & 7. Femora entirely red, clypeus red................ rhodopus Ckll. 2 Femora partly or wholly dark, or clypeus yellow or orange...... 8 8. Hind tibie with paie hair on outer side; scape with a yellow mark; legs largely: red ics t<cyerrs </arerstero= © nrsi sere eve rhodopus Ckll. Hind tibiz with black or very dark hair on outer side............ 9 9. Clypeus reddish; third antennal joint long.....................-. 10 Clypeus yellow, third antennal joint shorter..............-....0- 11 OME veSmbnOwite eres ascii s Gisteaieleiias cleiele cockerelli resoluta Ckll. 2 IByeSnereenisht |gnayersseecirs eee secicricte cockerelli Fox, var. B. Q
11. A yellow mark between clypeus and eye; front broader........... Sore CIS Shale Ne Louvers ats cork crotelarabeleielaleye a sisie are aieserecerbe atripes Mocs. 6
No yellow mark between clypeus and eye; front narrower....... BRP Te aero al er iaclerelers avarahelcrereystorstaletelsiayvors cockerelli resoluta Ckll. 3
AntHopHora Latreille All the species collected belong to the subgenus Micran- thophora Ckll.
11. Anthophora curta Provancher
San Francisquito Bay, May 10, 52, 2¢; La Paz, June 3-5, 42, 16; Mulegé, May 14, 1? ; Palm Canon, Angel de la Guardia Island, May 3, 12; San Nicolas Bay, May 16, 1¢, 14; Guaymas, April 11, 1¢.
12. Anthophora phenax Cockerell Loreto, May 20, 14. Described from New Mexico.
80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser,
13. Anthophora leucostomella Cockerell, new species
Male: Length about 10 mm.; black, with clypeus, transverse sub- clypeal band (widening in middle), lateral face-marks (filling space be- tween clypeus and eye, and broadly emarginate or excavated above), labrum (except basal spots and narrow apical margin), large patch on base of mandibles, and scape in front, all white. Abdomen with thin but entire marginal hair-bands, the margins beneath the bands hyaline. Very like A. phenax, for which I at first took it, but differing thus: face-marks, although white, with a faint creamy tint; lateral face-marks with upward extension along orbits longer and narrowly pointed; hair of head and thorax above white, without any black; hair on inner side of hind tarsi pale fulvous; the two apical teeth of abdomen small but prominent, pale fulvous with dark tips. The eyes in the dried speci- men are pale gray.
Type: Male, No. 937, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, May 1, 1921, at Puerto Refugio, Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California.
14. Anthophora pachyodonta Cockerell, new species
Male: Length about 10 mm.; black, with broad band on lower part of clypeus, labrum (except two spots, and narrow apical border), and mandibles (except rufous apex) yellow, or rather orange in the type, perhaps altered by cyanide; eyes deep reddish-ferruginous, perhaps affected by cyanide; antenne entirely black, last joint somewhat broad- ened, flattened, and broadly truncate; hair of head and thorax abun- dant, pure white, with no admixture of black hairs; femora with long white hair beneath; tibia and tarsi densely clothed with creamy-tinted pubescence, orange-ferruginous on inner side of tarsi, and with a good deal of same color on inner side of hind tibie; tegule testaceous; wings hyaline, nervures piceous; abdomen densely covered with short creamy-tinted hair; hind margins of apical segments broadly pellucid; apical teeth two, very broad, rounded at end, pale fulvous.
Intermediate between A. maculifrons Cresson and A. flavo- cincta Huard. The dark tarsi (small joints obscurely red- dish), black flagellum, etc. readily separate it from flavocincta. The apical teeth of abdomen are smaller and less divergent than in flavocincta.
Type: Male, No. 938, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, May 16, 1921, at San Nicolas Bay, Lower California.
15. Anthophora xanthochlora Cockerell, new species
Female: Length about 10 mm.; black, with a very broad band cover- ing lower half of clypeus, and sending a broad median band to upper margin, narrow transverse supra clypeal band, labrum (except two small
Vor. XII] COCKERELL—THE BEES 81
spots and narrow lower margin), and mandibles (except apex), all bright chrome-yellow; eyes bright yellowish green; scape black, with two small yellow spots; flagellum short, very obscurely reddish beneath, truncate at end; head and thorax with white hair; legs with white hair, slightly creamy on tibize and tarsi, hair on inner side of hind tarsi fer- ruginous; tegule translucent ferruginous; wings hyaline, nervures piceous; abdomen densely covered with appressed creamy-white hair; triangular patch on fifth segment small and pale fulvous.
This appears at first sight to be the female of A. pachyo- donta, but it certainly is distinct. In pachyodonta the first recurrent nervure joins the second submarginal cell about the beginning of its last third, in xanthochlora at or beyond be- ginning of last fourth. In pachyodonta the labrum is de- pressed and shining in middle, in ranthochlora it is rugose, and also not trilobed at apex. A. «anthochlora is also related to A. arthuri Ckll. from Colorado, but is larger. In arthuri the face-marks are very pale yellow, and the lower inner angles of the black on clypeus are acute; in xanthochlora the face-marks are bright yellow, and the lower inner corners of black on clypeus are very obtuse.
Type: Female, No. 939, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, July 3, 1921, at Willard’s Point Bay, Tiburon Island, Gulf of California.
16. Anthophora estebana Cockerell, new species
Male: Length about 10 mm.; black, with rather narrow band on clypeus (broadened in middle), labrum (except two large spots and narrow apical margin), mandibles (except apex) and narrow line on scape, all pale yellow; flagellum black, faintly reddish beneath; eyes pea-green; hair of head and thorax white, a little black intermixed on mesothorax and scutellum; legs with pale hairs, dull fulvous on inner side of tarsi; middle tarsi long, but not excessively so; tegule testa- ceous; wings hyaline, nervures piceous; abdomen with entire white hair- bands; apex quadridentate, the middle teeth light red and obtuse, the outer black and sharp, curved inward. The scape may be entirely black. The labrum is trilobed at apex.
Closely related to A. peritome (CkIl.), but the face-mark- ings are much brighter yellow, the apical teeth of abdomen are much larger, and the abdominal bands are narrower.
Type: Male, No. 940, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, April 19, 1921, on San Esteban Island, Gulf of California. Another male obtained at same time.
82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.
17. Anthophora hololeuca Cockerell, new species
Female: Length about 8 mm.; black, with a very broad apical band on clypeus, sending a broad lobe upward in median line, labrum (ex- cept two small spots and apical margin), and mandibles (except apex), cream-color; flagellum ferruginous beneath except at base; third anten- neal joint very slender; hair of head, thorax, abdomen and legs pure white, ferruginous on inner side of tarsi; abdomen entirely covered with appressed hair, the patch on fifth segment hardly darkened; eyes pale gray; head very broad; tegule testaceous hyaline; wings hyaline, nervures brown, stigma red, marginal cell very short; tibiae at apex, and tarsi ferruginous. The clypeal mark varies greatly.
Male: Length about 6.5 mm.; face entirely covered with silky white hair; labrum and mandibles yellowish-white, but clypeus with only a small light spot; middle tarsi ordinary; apex of abdomen with a short, rounded red plate, and close to it on either side, a slender spine-like red tooth. Hair of abdomen occasionally (Tiburon Island) fulvous.
A remarkable feature in both sexes is that the scape is densely covered in front with pure white hair, which pro- duces the same effect as a tegumentary white stripe.
At Puerto Refugio, Angel de la Guardia Island, one male and fifteen females were taken at flowers of Parosela spinosa. Other localities are Gonzales Bay, April 29, two females; Freshwater Bay, Tiburon Island, April 23, three females, four males; Pond Island Bay, Angel de la Guardia Island, June 30, three males; Loreto, May 20, 1 male; San Nicolas Bay, May 16. Related to A. arthuri Ckll., A. albata Cress., and A. petrophila Ckll., but quite distinct. The broader head (fe- male) and color of tarsi distinguish it from arthuri. The tarsi and hair on fifth abdominal segment separate it from albata. The red tarsi and armature of male abdomen at once separate it from petrophila.
Type: Female, No. 941, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, June 29, 1921, at Puerto Refugio, Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California.
The above species of Anthophora may be separated by means of the following table:
Glypeus ventirely, white’ ir-y.siq) «ose aiaie14 esn)= 4 erie eas olerete) oickelela clefonsvslereyateverere 1
@lypeus:*not: thus) swihitescs,- cis cic etacs uocsccnis ss oss savseieie creyaleverererelatcterereielers 2
1. Hair on inner side of hind tarsi black.............. phenax Ckll. Hair on inner side of hind tarsi paie fulvous. .leucostomella Ckll.
2. Abdomen covered with very short white or whitish pubescence.. 3 Abdomen distinctly banded, not wholly covered with pale hair.. 5
3. Face-marks cream-color; flagellum red beneath...hololeuca Ckll. Face-marks bright syellow/s-emecaeieaeeeiie teste rteteie tetris cieratelt= 4
Vou. XIT] COCKERELL—THE BEES 83
4. Eyes reddish brown; flagellum pure black...pachyodonta Ckll. 3
Eyes pea-green; flagellum obscurely reddish beneath.............
SCOT er eee ico TOMO tno R con Gro ree xanthochlora Ckll. ?
5. Eyes pea-green (becoming brown in cyanide specimens) ; apex of
abdomen awithoutyspinespesctererriccrricecsimeeccr curta Prov. 9 Apex orabdomentwithispileses scar seieateacie aceite nierieieets 6
6. Apex of abdomen with a median plate and pair of lateral spines
a a[atessrsve\ aleve razalaretel sya) syete, sual stars simveler siayors sels tera steyecons siererace curta Prov. é
Apex of abdomen with four spines.............. estebana Ckll.
ExoMALopsis Spinola
18. Exomalopsis pulchella arida Cockerell, new subspecies
Female: Length about 6.5 mm.; agreeing with EF. pulchella Cresson (type locality Cuba), except that the pale hair of thorax is white, that on scutellum pure white, not at all fulvous, the wings not so dark apically, the hair-bands on abdomen white (not yellowish), and the long scopa on hind tarsi pale gray. From the Brazilian E. manni (CkIl.) it differs by the lack of black hair on scutellum, of fulvous hair at apex of abdomen, etc.
It is possible that the characters of this form are due to the
direct effect of the environment. Type: Female, No. 942, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, May 14, 1921, at Mulegé, Lower California.
19. Exomalopsis similis Cresson
Guaymas, April 8, one female; Bay at south end of Tiburon Island, July 4, 1921, one female. Differs from pulchella by having the long scopa of hind legs pale ferruginous instead of black or sooty. It is perhaps only a subspecies or variety.
ANCYLOSCELES Haliday
For the true characters and position of this genus see Entomological News, 1921, p. 76.
20. Ancylosceles melanostoma Cockerell, new species
Male (type): Length about 6 mm.; similar to A. armata Smith, but the antennz, clypeus, labrum and mandibles black; eyes dark gray; stigma piceous; tegule piceous.
Female: Length about 7.5 mm.; similar to A. armata, but mesothorax more shining; antenne dark and mandibles black.
It is surprising to find this more melanic than the common
tropical A. armata.
84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.
Type: Male, No. 943, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, June 3, 1921, at La Paz, Lower California. A female was obtained at the same time.
The following table separates this from a series of related species which I have recently erroneously referred to Lepter- gatis:
Den ss scope tevayexecsvsnte te sw ooe revere Sorte Se oe eyes ean Pa ea STAN Cie LTT SER OIE IEE 1
1. Hind basitarsi piceous; clypeus entirely black...wheelert (CkIl.)
Hind basitarierernuginousacc cen er scicenciotec ote oie aioe eta eee 2 2. Clypeus with an apical transverse whitish band; labrum whitish ara ease rd ofa Scala SI Otebe rah eke a Mae TRIE aha Fa Neo) eh ara ae ale Sat pee armata Smith
Glypeus <entinely, blacks were diana isyerseusiarw cxcccvarors Sraynlosloveislexeesolare To rere oe 3 3. Labrum with a large round cream-colored spot; thorn-like tooth on hind) basitarsusismallers.cn se cei seee see toluca (Cresson)
Labrum entirely black; thorn-like tooth larger.................. 4
4. Mandibles with a large cream-colored spot; wings smoky........ eile Sic fe a lerole se WISE Cie arate nize ever ste make tie ISer nae globulifera (Ckll.) Mandibles entirely black; wings clear.......... melanostoma Ckll.
5. Antenne black; flagellum obscurely reddish beneath............ ysit cha apetaloyerny shah Revert rs aie EME SER Taree Corea melanostoma Ckll. Antenne bright ternuginous beneatheccc.siecaicieniciiee diester Serena cvatstiew arsine mismieieeeiese armata Sm. and globulifera (CkIl.)
DrapasiA Patton
21. Diadasia australis petrinus Cockerell, new subspecies
Female (type): Size and general appearance of the Californian D. australis opuntie Ckll., but with the tegule black or brownish black and the elevated black areas at sides of second and third abdominal seg- ments dull and covered with short black hair instead of polished and shining. The abdominal banding is very distinct.
Male: Distinguished by the dark tegule and the process at end of hind basitarsus pure black.
San Pedro Martir Island, April 18, 1921 (type locality), 16 females, 5 males (Van Duzee), at flowers of Abutilon. There is also a smaller female scarcely over 12 mm. long, from La Paz, June 3. A female from Guaymas, April 7, is small, like D. australis rinconis Ckll., but has dark tegule. It is intermediate between petrinus and rinconis.
Type: Female, No. 944, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, April 18, 1921, on San Pedro Martir Island, Gulf of California.
Vor. XII) COCKERELL—THE BEES 85
22. Diadasia diminuta Cresson
San Francisquito Bay, May 10, one male. The above species may be separated thus:
engthplessithangonmnteee seer eee eee ee diminuta (Cress.) ¢ Bength Zemin orcovenae oorstnec oats cee eaten Wee OR eee ae 1 1. Abdomen appearing black-banded from lack of pale hairs at bases Of segments risen paces sctsies oeiess australis petrinus Ckll. 9 Abdomen with pale hairs all over...... australis petrinus Ckll. 3
MeEtissopEs Romand 23. Melissodes communis gratior Cockerell, new subspecies
Female (type): Length about 10 mm.; mandibles red in middle; head very broad, face and front covered with white hair; cheeks and occiput with white hair, but vertex with long black hair; thorax anterior to middle of tegule with pale fulvous hair, bright at sides; scutellum and disc of mesothorax (but separated from tegule by space equal to latter) with black hair; tegule ferruginous; wings faintly dusky, not yellowish; flagellum dusky reddish beneath, except at base; hair on outer side of hind tibiz and tarsi white, on inner side (except base of tibia) orange- fulvous; hair bands of abdomen rather narrow, straight, white, very faintly tinged with yellowish.
Male: Clypeus, labrum and large spot on base of mandibles lemon yellow; tibiz at apex and all the tarsi, ferruginous; hair of mesothorax pale fulvous, except a transverse band of black posteriorly; scutellum with much black hair; flagellum very long, clear fulvous, black above. Hind margins of abdominal segments more or less brownish or pallid.
Guaymas (type locality), April 8 and 11 (Van Duzee). Two females (one with hair on thorax in front paler fulvous than in the other) and 12 males (two of which have dark tegulz). Four females from San Francisquito Bay, June 23, and La Paz, June 4 and 5, somewhat larger and more robust than the Guaymas ones, have dark tegule, and the hair of the thorax in front with only a very slight yellowish tint. The numerous males are certainly all conspecific, but they differ in the length and stoutness of the antenne, though in all the antennz are very long. They also differ in the color of the tegulz as follows:
Tegule reddish; 10 from Guaymas, April 8 and 9; 3 from Tiburon Island, July 4; one from Pond Island Bay, Angel de la Guardia Island, July 1.
86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
Tegule dark; five from Pond Island Bay, Angel de la Guardia Island, July 1; two from Guaymas, April 8 and 15; one from Puerto Refugio, Angel de la Guardia Island, June 29; one from San Marcos Island, June 19.
Robertson noticed similar variation in a related form occur- ring in Illinois and gave it the name M. variabilis.
Type: Female, No. 945, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, April 11, 1921, at Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico.
24. Melissodes catalinensis vanduzeei Cockerell, n. subsp.
Female: Eyes brown, evidently reddish in life (in catalinensis they appear to have been green in life) ; depression on second abdominal seg- ment broader in middle, the band more arcuate; abdominal bands nearly white (instead of fulvous tinted); hind margin of first abdominal seg- ment not rufous.
Angeles Bay, June 26, 1921, (Van Duzee), one female. MM. catalinensis (Ckll.) was described from Catalina Island, Cali- fornia, as M. intermediella catalinensis. Later it was referred to M. humilior Cll. as a subspecies. Renewed comparisons indicate that it is a distinct species, distinguished by the ro- bust flagellum and very small hind knee-plate.
Type: Female, No. 946, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, June 26, 1921, at Angeles Bay, Lower California.
M. c. vandugeei differs from various similar species thus:
(1) From M. confusiformis Ckll. by the white (not red) hair on hind tibize and tarsi; much narrower, pure black, apical plate of abdomen, and more arcuate band across second segment.
(2) From M. pallidicincta Ckll. by the much narrower head.
(3) It is smaller than nigrosignata Ckll., and the apical plate is quite different.
(4) The apical plate agrees with grindelie Ckll., which is allied, but it differs from grindelie by the less transverse head, color of eyes, light hair on outer side of middle tarsi, and arcuate band on second abdominal segment.
(5) It differs from humilior Ckll. by the very small hind knee-plate, color of eyes, and much more robust flagellum.
(6) From intermediella Ckll. by the large amount of white hair at sides of fifth abdominal segment, much broader depression on second abdominal segment, color of eyes, long black hair on vertex, and dark stigma and nervures.
Vor. XII] COCKERELL—THE BEES 87
25. Melissodes callophila Cockerell, new species
Female: Length about 11 mm., anterior wing 8; black, not very robust, the head and thorax with long shaggy white hair, the posterior disk of mesothorax and anterior part of scutellum bare and shining, with widely scattered punctures; labrum with sparse yellowish hair, and furnished at apex with a rather large light red dentiform process; head very broad, facial quadrangle broader than long; eyes pale gray, slightly greenish (in the dry state) ; clypeus convex, shining, with small, moderately close punctures; mandibles black, with an obscure reddish band; flagellum dark obscure red beneath, except at base; tegule densely covered with pale hairs, except a shining exposed reddish area; wings faintly dusky, ner- vures and stigma piceous; third submarginal cell very broad above; marginal cell very obtuse at end; legs with pale hair, red on inner side of tarsi; anterior tarsi with dark brownish hair on outer side; hind legs with scopa filled with sticky bright orange-red (probably solanaceous) pollen, as in Centris vanduzeei; abdomen with hind margins of segments dark, second very narrowly brownish; second segment rugu- lose from very fine punctures; first segment with long white hair except apically; second and third each with a single broad even basal band of white tomentum, extended caudad at sides, but no median or marginal bands; fourth segment covered with white tomentum, except a trans- verse band in middle, not reaching sides; fifth and sixth with pure black hair, except a tuft of white at extreme sides.
Type: Female, No. 947, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, May 28, 1921, at San José Island, Gulf of California.
26. Melissodes callophila nanula Cockerell, new subspecies
Female: Length 9 mm.; slender; mandibles simple; maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the joints measuring in microns (1) 145, (2) 95, (3) 80; (4) 80; hair on inner side of hind tarsi partly red and partly dark fuscous, the general effect dark reddish; eyes reddish-gray.
Type: Female, No. 948, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, May 28, 1921, on San José Island, Gulf of California.
An isolated species, not close to any known to me. The abdominal banding suggests Tetralonia, but the maxillary palpi (which I examined in var. nanula) have only four joints. The variety looks distinct but differs in no essential character except size. It may represent a small race with a different food-plant, or it may be merely an individual varia- tion. In my tables in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxii (1906) this falls in group J (p. 84) if the hair on inner side of hind tarsi is considered red. Among the Melissodes there listed,
8s CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.
it falls near M. tepaneca and M. galvestonensis but is very distinct. If placed in group K it fits no better.
27. Melissodes idonea Cockerell, new species
Male: Length 10 mm., or rather more; black, including clypeus, labrum and mandibles (except subapical dark red band), but antenne very peculiar; scape short and stout, shining black; flagellum long (about 7 mm.) and slender, the first two short joints black, the others pale orange, suffusedly blackened behind, the dark color fading toward apex of antennz, so that beyond the middle the flagellum is dull orange behind, except that just before the apex it is broadly black on both sides, but the extreme apex is orange, and is slightly hooked; head broad; eyes dull yellowish green; hair of face and front entirely black, of cheeks and occiput white; labrum shining; clypeus shining, with scattered mi- nute punctures; hair of thorax long and white, a little dusky on poster- ior middle of mesothorax; tegule piceous, with much pale hair; wings clear hyaline, unusually pointed, nervures and stigma ferruginous, the outermost nervures infuscated; legs black with white hair, ferruginous on inner side of hind tarsi; abdomen black, the hind margins of seg- ments dark; first segment with long white hair; second and third each with a broad even basal band of white tomentum, curved posteriorly at sides; fourth covered with white hair; fifth with an apical white hair- band, and thin hair anterior to this in middle; sixth broadly fringed with white hair.
Another quite isolated species, with no known close rela- tives. From the locality and abdominal banding I wondered whether it could not be the male of M. callophila. This may indeed be the case, but the difference in the wings is so strik- ing that I can only treat them as distinct, in the absence of any proof to the contrary.
Type: Male, No. 949, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by I. P. Van Duzee, May 28, 1921, on San José Island, Gulf of California. Two males obtained.
The above species of Melissodes may be separated by the following table:
Bemales'>iclypeus) black antennze) shorts. ems erinecise eisai eso 1 Males; iantennze long a: 2512 ae cies eiserercieietere cosle sinc leona stort sucietia stereos 4 1s, Hairs of scutellumy whites secs s, «ctr qeveeta crests evden to lelcteinnel teres 2 Scutellum! qwith’ much black Wain. see eae elec eesti 3 2) eneth imi or rather mores. cases ceils seer callophila Ckll. Mengthy-Oismim aves cerreccise sehen cetieiptcros callophila nanula Ckll. 3. Hind basitarsi with black hair on inner side; clypeus brown or reddish. 25.75 fs -Giaeyene ec se rnasie ae catalinensis vanduzeei Ckll.
Hind basitarsi with clear ferruginous hair on inner side; eyes gray or black, not brown or reddish....communis gratior Ckll.
4. Clypeus black; face and front with black hair........ idonea Ckll. Glypeusiyellowsraccenwise dae cisecre amie communis gratior Ckll. 3
Vor. XII) COCKERELL—THE BEES 89
MEGACHILIDE STELIDIN 2 28. Stelis perpulchra Crawford
Agua Verde, Lower California, May 28, two males, three females; Mulegé, Lower California, June 3-5, 10 males; Guadalupe Point, Concepcion Bay, June 17, six males; Coyote Cove, Concepcion Bay, June 18, one male; Angeles Bay, June 26, one male; Puerto Ballandra, Carmen Island, May 22, one male; Las Animas Bay, May 8, two males. Previously known only from two males, the type from Yuma, Arizona, and one from an unknown locality in Arizona. The female is about 10 mm. long, marked like the male. A transverse yellow line behind the ocelli may be present or absent. The males vary in size.
ANTHIDIINZ
DrIaANTHIDIUM Cockerell
Subgenus ANTHIDIELLUM Cockerell
29. Dianthidium ehrhorni Cockerell
Angeles Bay, May 5, one male; known from southern California.
30. Dianthidium eiseni Cockerell
Angeles Bay, June 26, two females; Tiburon Island (bay at south end), July 5, one female; La Paz, June 3-5, three males. Described from San José del Cabo, Lower California. It was originally recorded by Fox as a variety of notatum. The male has the anterior tibize yellow in front; those of the type, described as light ferruginous, were probably discolored. The female has the face black except for the large lateral marks. In both sexes the axillaze may have a very small yellow spot. The species is very close to the Californian D. robertsoni Cockerell, but the female is easily distinguished by the widely separated spots on abdominal segments three and following, the sixth segment all black and the tibiz and tarsi not red. In the male the lateral spots of supraclypeal area are confined te the corners, and do not at all approach the middle line.
90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.
Subgenus DiantHip1uM Cockerell 31. Dianthidium platyurum Cockerell, new species
Male (type): Length abcut 9 mm. (abdomen curved downward) ; black, with pale yellow markings; eyes dark slate-color or slightly red- dish; clypeus pale yellow, with or without a very small bilobed black mark on upper border; lateral face-marks going nearly to top of eyes; a stripe behind upper part of eyes, but none on occiput; mandibles mainly yellow on outer side; front, vertex, mesothorax and scutellum finely and densely punctured; two spots on mesothorax anteriorly, ax- illa, an interrupted band on scutellum, large mark on the expanded sharp-edged tubercles, and large mark on the otherwise dark tegule, all pale yellow; mesopleura immaculate, with coarse punctures; wings dusky fuliginous, with purple iridescence in marginal cell; knees and mark at base of each tibia pale yellow, a minute round spot near apex of middle tibia, and a short line at base of their basitarsi; hind basi- tarsi mainly yellow on outer side; hind coxe with yellow spines; ab- domen shining, with large, not very dense, punctures; first segment with a short median band, and on each side a subquadrate patch, emarginate mesad; second segment similarly ornamented, but the median band nar- rowly interrupted in middle and the lateral marks shoe-shaped; third and fourth segments each with a pair of large bridge-shaped marks; fifth with a pair of spots in middle and a dot at each side; sixth en- tirely black; seventh pale yellow, broad, truncate, with rounded corners, with a rather small median lobe.
Female: Length about 8 mm.; clypeus and mandibles entirely black; a small vertical yellow line below middle ocellus; band on middle of second abdominal segment more broadly interrupted, the divisions pointed mesad; fifth segment with two large subtriangular patches and no lateral dots; basitarsi entirely black; mesopleura with a very small pale yel- low mark.
San Francisquito Bay, Lower California, May 10, one male, one female, and June 23, one male.
Very closely related to D. pudicum Cresson, from the west- ern United States, but the end of the male abdomen is much less trilobed, and the female has the mesothorax more finely punctured, and no light marks at sides of clypeus. The yel- low markings are much paler than in D. provancheri Titus, and the mesopleura is much more heavily punctured.
Type: Male, No. 950, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, May 10, 1921, at San Francisquito Bay, Lower California.
32. Dianthidium profugum Cockerell, new species
Female: Length about 8.5 mm.; similar to D. platyurum, differing thus: wings not so dark; tegule clear ferruginous, with a cream-colored mark; extreme sides of clypeus usually with pale marks; anterior tibie
Vor. XIT] COCKERELL—THE BEES 91
with pale stripe extending two-thirds down, and middle tibie with a stripe the whole length; axilla with only a linear mark; mesopleura immaculate, with a good deal of white hair. The markings of the abdomen are very pale with a buffy tint instead of clear yellow. Ven- tral scopa pale fulvous.
Puerto Refugio, Angel de la Guardia Island, June 29 and May 1, three females. The June 29 specimen was taken on flowers of Dahlia spinosa.
Type: Female, No. 951, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by IE. P. Van Duzee, May 1, 1921, at Puerto Refugio, Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California.
AnTHIDIUM Fabricius 33. Anthidium lupinellum Cockerell
San Francisquito Bay, Gulf of California, May 10, one worn male. This species was described from New Mexico and the specimen collected by Mr. Van Duzee differs in the distinctly paler wings (marginal cell with only a narrow brown stripe along upper edge), hair of vertex white, all the tibiz with a small yellow spot at base, lateral face-marks forming a some- what larger angle on orbits above, and lateral apical spines of abdomen rather longer and more slender. Whether these differences indicate a distinct race or are merely individual cannot be determined until more specimens are available. The scape is entirely black, in the male of the following species it is yellow in front.
34. Anthidium sonorense Cockerell, new species
Male (type): Length about 11 mm.; robust, black with yellow mark- ings, pale on face but deep chrome-yellow on abdomen; hair of head and thorax abundant, on vertex, mesothorax and scutellum fulvous, elsewhere white; clypeus, triangular lateral face-marks (their upper ends broadly rounded at about level of antenne), mandibles (except apex), a small elongated mark above each eye, and scape in front, all yellow; eyes green; top of head dull and granular, with a shining space laterad of each outer ocellus; mesothorax and scutellum dull and granu- lar, the former entirely black, as also the axilla, but scutellum with a yellow band, greatly constricted in middle, making the scutellum appear as if deeply emarginate; tegule black with two yellow spots; tubercles with an orange spot; wings dilute fuliginous; knees, tibize on outer side and the basitarsi densely covered with white hair; hind coxe with a yellow spot; abdomen shining, very finely punctured; segments one to five each with four, nearly equidistant, yellow spots, the median ones
92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
on first segment small, but the laterals on this segment very large and quadrate; on fifth segment the median spots are connected with the laterals by a line and on fourth they are nearly connected; sixth with large quadrate median spots, and small laterals; seventh black with a pair of yellow dots; venter with white hair; sixth segment with sharp, slightly curved, spines at sides; seventh with a slender median spine, and rather narrow, somewhat pointed, lateral lobes, their outer margin straight.
One male. The end of the abdomen is formed nearly as in A. banningense Cockerell, from California, but the markings of the thorax and abdomen are conspicuously different. A. banningense has the scape entirely black. There is also some resemblance to A. saxorum Cockerell and A. collectum Huard, but these are readily separated by the apex of the abdomen.
Type: Male, No. 952, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, April 8, 1921, at Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico.
The following females from quite other localities are refer- red to this species, though there is a possibility that they may be distinct :
Female: Length about 10 mm.; similar to the male except in char- acters which may be regarded as sexual; scape black, with a small yellow streak; clypeus yellow, with a pair of short, thick, black bars on upper part; eyes green; broad yellow stripe behind sides of vertex; hair of vertex brown, but of occiput, mesothorax and scutellum short and white; mesothorax with yellow stripes along margins above tegule, and also at sides anteriorly; axille yellow; wings rather clearer; ab- dominal markings yellow, not chrome or orange, more transverse, the median ones on first segment large, the medians connected with the laterals by a band on segments 3 to 5; sixth segment yellow with an angular median mark at base and a pair of small discal spots; apex of sixth segment obtusely pointed, and margins laterally distinctly angled; ventral scopa white.
Las Animas Bay, May 8, one female. The middle basi- tarsi are densely covered with white felt, as in A. maculifrons Smith, but that species differs greatly in the markings.
35. Anthidium sonorense productum Cockerell, n.var.(?n.sp.)
Female: Similar, but whole middle of upper part of clypeus broadly black; scape entirely black; upper part of head immaculate, except small yellow dots above eyes; hair of vertex white; eyes reddish; anterior marks on mesothorax represented by minute dots, and lateral ones by very short stripes; marks on axillze smaller; band on scutellum much narrower, narrowly interrupted in middle; spots on first three abdominal segments all disconnected; sixth segment with a median black line.
Vor. XII) COCKERELL—THE BEES 93
San José Island, June 10, one female (type of variety). Another example from La Paz, June 3, has short stripes above the eyes, a long stripe above tegulz, more yellow on axillze and scutellum, and the yellow on abdomen more extensive, thus approaching the female described from Las Animas Bay.
Type: Female, No. 953, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, June 10, 1921, on San José Island, Gulf of California.
MELECTIDE Errcrocis Cresson
36. Ericrocis arizonensis Baker
Guaymas, April 11, 1921, one male. Described from Ora- cle, Arizona.
Fox described E. rugosa from Santa Maria, Lower Cali- fornia. Mr. Van Duzee has kindly compared the above E. arigonensis with Fox’s type and reports: “This species has a strong superficial resemblance to the type of Ericrocis rugosa Fox, but as that was an alcoholic specimen the char- acters of the pile can scarcely be made out, while it is very clear and distinct in my specimen. My specimen is a little smaller, the dorsulum is much more strongly furrowed, the scutellum is less tumid either side than in the Fox type. The little pile remaining on the labrum of the Fox type is pale while it is long, heavy and fuscous in mine. In the type the first recurrent nervure unites almost exactly with the second transverse-cubital, exactly as it does in my specimen.”
E. rugosa is doubtless a distinct species. As it stands at present Ericrocis consists of four species, E. Jata (Cresson), Texas to Arizona; E. arizonensis Baker, Arizona and Sonora; E. melectoides Baker, Arizona; E. rugosa Fox, Lower Cali- fornia. EE. arizonensis is close to E. lata, and possibly not to be separated, but it seems to be distinct.
TRIEPEOLUS Robertson 37. Triepeolus verbesine (Cockerell)
Guaymas, April 6, 8, and 15, six males; Angeles Bay, June 26, two females. Described from southern New Mexico. The scale-like spines on pygidial area (false pygidium) of
94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
female are said in the original description to be brilliantly golden. They are actually dark but shine golden at a certain angle in bright light.
Epeotus Latreille
38. Epeolus permixtus Cockerell, new species
Male (type): Length about 10 mm.; robust, black, the light markings on abdomen cream-color, the legs red. Eyes dark grayish brown, con- verging below; face densely covered with appressed, pure white hair; mandibles chestnut red, black apically; labrum black with a red spot at each side; vertex shining, with sparse strong punctures; antennz long, black, the first joint mainly red, shorter than the fourth; pale hairs of thorax dorsally pale ochreous-tinted, ventrally white; mesothorax with a pale margin posteriorly and laterally, the pale hair ending in